At present, the output of electric vehicle batteries from China factory accounts for nearly three quarters of the global output, and occupies a dominant position in processing rare earth elements (such as oxides, metals and magnets used in batteries) with a market share of 90%.

With the further consolidation of China’s leading position in the global new energy technology supply chain, three domestic electric vehicle battery and material companies are seeking a new round of market financing of more than 10 billion US dollars, which will exceed the funds invested by the United States, South Korea, Australia and other countries in the same field.

Last week, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. (CATL), the global leader in power batteries, completed a huge increase. Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (300750. SZ) announced on June 22nd that the fixed issue price was 410 yuan per share, and the total amount of funds raised was nearly RMB 45 billion. Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited is an important battery supplier for Tesla and domestic automobile manufacturers (such as Geely). According to the data of Financial Times and Luft Refinitiv, including the latest bulk stock issue, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited has raised about $13 billion, or about 89 billion yuan, since its listing in Shenzhen in 2018.

Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (300750.SZ) stock chart.

In the aforementioned financing, foreign investors have also joined in, including JPMorgan Chase, Barclays Bank, Morgan Stanley, Macquarie Bank and HSBC, accounting for about 32% of the total issuance.

Neil Beveridge, a senior analyst at Bernstein, a Wall Street investment bank, said that China is positioning itself as the "Saudi Arabia" in the field of new energy technology and hardware, becoming the lowest-cost supplier in the world and striving for the most market share.

According to some investors, Tianqi Lithium Industry (002466.SZ), which is listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange, plans to list on Hong Kong Stock Exchange for the second time, with the target of raising 1 billion to 2 billion US dollars. Tianqi Lithium Industry is one of the world’s largest suppliers of new energy core materials for lithium batteries. According to data from research institute Dealogic, this will be the largest financing of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange this year. Since the beginning of June, Tianqi Lithium’s share price in Shenzhen Stock Exchange has soared by more than 21%.

Tianqi Lithium Industry (002466.SZ) Stock Chart

Huayou Cobalt (603799.SH), another large domestic raw material supplier listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, announced on June 19th that it would raise no more than 1.77 million yuan through non-public offering of shares. Most of the funds will be used for the wet process project of nickel hydroxide and cobalt with an annual output of 120,000 tons of nickel metal, which is a joint venture of Huayou Cobalt in Indonesia. Indonesia Huashan Nickel Co., Ltd. mainly processes and manufactures nickel, the key material of electric vehicle batteries, in Indonesia. Trafigura, a trading company, said that more than 90% of the world’s battery-grade lithium is produced by China smelters, which are also responsible for processing most of the world’s cobalt, nickel and other key battery materials.

Huayou Cobalt (603799.SH) Stock Chart

The Financial Times reported that other countries are also trying to narrow the gap. The United States recently signed a $120 million agreement with Australian rare earth merchant Lynas Rare Earths to build one of the first heavy rare earth separation facilities in the United States. In February this year, the Australian government provided a loan of US$ 100 million to Hastings Technology Materials to develop rare earth mines and smelters in Western Australia.

According to Bernstein, a Wall Street investment bank, with the increasing demand for electric vehicles, the global battery capacity is expected to increase by 40% every year by 2025, from 823 GWh in 2021 to 3252 GWh. As the United States and Europe further increase subsidies for local electric vehicle battery manufacturing, the market share of China’s electric vehicle battery capacity may decline slightly. However, it is predicted that by 2025, China’s share will still account for about two-thirds, Europe’s share is expected to expand from 15% to 20%, the United States’ share is expected to expand from 8% to 12%, and Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited will continue to maintain its global market share of 20%.

In addition, although the market share of China’s electric vehicle battery capacity will drop slightly, the cost advantage will be further highlighted. At present, the unit cost of building an electric vehicle battery factory in China is about $60 million per GW. However, with the rapid expansion of the factory scale, the cost will be reduced to about $50 million per GW in the next few years. In the next 10 years, the global average cost of building similar factories will be about $78 million per GW.

At present, South Korean companies, such as Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited’s competitors LG, South Korea’s SK Group and Samsung, rely as much as 60% on China’s key battery materials, and these companies are trying to reduce their dependence. However, Kia, a subsidiary of Hyundai, a South Korean automobile group, plans to use Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited batteries in a new electric vehicle model, which will mark the first time that batteries made in South Korea have entered the Korean market.

No.263 [2023] of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

Tianjin, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Tibet, Gansu, Xinjiang and other relevant provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, including communication management, industry and informatization, education, ethnic work, finance, natural resources, transportation, agriculture and rural areas. The railway bureau group companies, China Railway Holdings Joint Venture Railway Company, China Telecom Group Co., Ltd., China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd., China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd., China Radio and Television Network Group Co., Ltd., China Tower Co., Ltd., State Grid Co., Ltd. and China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd.:

In order to implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, speed up the improvement of the supply capacity of the frontier network, give full play to the supporting and empowering role of broadband network infrastructure, improve the production and living conditions of people of all ethnic groups, and help to prosper and enrich the frontier and stabilize the frontier, the relevant work on speeding up the construction of "broadband frontier" is hereby notified as follows.

I. General requirements

(A) the guiding ideology

Guided by Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, we will thoroughly implement the spirit of the 20th Party Congress, adhere to the people-centered development thought, implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on prospering the border and enriching the people, stabilizing the border and securing the border, take the high-quality development of the border network as the main line, and aim at improving the network coverage and application level of key scenes, coordinate the urban and rural network construction in the border areas, deepen the coverage of mobile and fixed broadband networks, accelerate the upgrade to 5G and Gigabit optical networks, comprehensively improve the supply and service capabilities of broadband networks, and open up high-tech areas in the border areas.

(2) Basic principles

Department linkage, government-enterprise coordination. Strengthen multi-sectoral cooperation, encourage local governments to introduce supporting policies, and increase support for the construction of "broadband frontier". Actively play the main role of basic telecommunications enterprises, ensure investment in construction and operation and maintenance, and accelerate the construction and application of broadband networks in border areas.

Make overall arrangements and focus on promoting. Strengthen the overall layout of broadband networks in border areas, make overall plans for network construction such as 5G and Gigabit optical networks in border areas, highlight key application scenarios in border counties, advance in an orderly manner step by step, enrich network applications, and promote the work of prospering and enriching the border and stabilizing the border with high quality.

Demand traction, classified policy. Facing the needs of digital development in border areas, combined with the characteristics of local geographical environment, population distribution and economic level, we will implement differentiated support policies, increase support for high-cost areas with market failures, and promote the evolution and upgrading of networks in border areas by classification.

Co-construction, sharing and integrated development. Coordinate and promote the intensive construction of broadband network infrastructure, accelerate the integrated deployment and sharing of broadband network infrastructure with infrastructure in municipal, transportation, electric power, forestry and grass fields, continuously improve the level of co-construction and sharing, and effectively play the role of broadband network support and empowerment.

(III) Work objectives

The implementation scope of this notice includes the land border counties (cities, districts and banners) in nine border provinces (regions) such as Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Guangxi, Yunnan, Tibet, Gansu and Xinjiang, and the border farms of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps; Eleven coastal provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) such as Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan have counties (cities, districts) with coastlines.

By the end of 2025, 5G and Gigabit optical network access will be realized in counties and towns in border areas; The proportion of administrative villages, rural populated areas with more than 20 households, border management and trade institutions, and inhabited islands with broadband access (including optical fiber access, 4G access or 5G access) reached 100%; Mobile network coverage is basically realized along the national and provincial roads along the border; Network coverage is realized on demand in inland sea areas.

By the end of 2027, the proportion of administrative villages, border management and trade institutions in border areas connected to 5G networks will reach over 95%; More than 20 rural populated areas, national highways and provincial highways along the border will basically achieve 5G network coverage; The proportion of people living in islands connected to 5G networks reached 100%; The inland sea, territorial sea and other sea areas have basically achieved 5G network coverage.

Second, the key tasks

(A) to speed up the county broadband network upgrade

1. Upgrade and expand the county broadband network infrastructure. Actively guide basic telecommunications enterprises to moderately advance the layout of "double gigabit" network infrastructure in border counties, gradually promote the deployment of large-capacity transmission equipment and data equipment, and enhance the comprehensive business carrying capacity of towns and villages. Coordinate the construction of important routing optical cables in the county, upgrade and expand the optical cable network between the county and prefecture-level cities, towns and counties, and promote the construction of double-uplicated optical cable routes in the county and towns.

2. Deploy application infrastructure in border areas as needed. In combination with the needs of digital development such as government affairs, medical care, education, rural e-commerce, and border management, we will actively promote the deployment of application infrastructure such as cloud resource pools and content distribution networks to border areas, and rationally arrange computing infrastructure. Cooperate with the deployment of edge computing, intelligent terminals and other equipment, and cultivate a number of typical cases of application infrastructure that can be replicated and promoted in frontier areas.

(B) to strengthen rural broadband network construction.

3. Accelerate the upgrading of broadband networks in rural populated areas. Promote the broadband upgrade of township government stations and administrative villages in border areas to Gigabit optical networks, flexibly adopt medium and low frequency 5G base stations, and gradually promote the extension and coverage of 5G networks to rural areas. Explore broadband access technologies and networking schemes for scattered users in remote areas, and accelerate the broadband network coverage of scenes such as rural populated areas with more than 20 households, new villages on the border, and forest farms/farms/pastures.

4. Promote broadband network coverage in production and operation areas in an orderly manner. Promote the extension and coverage of mobile networks to rural production and operation areas such as planting areas, breeding areas and agricultural products processing areas in border areas, and gradually improve the breadth and depth of network coverage. Strengthen the construction of "double gigabit" networks in key areas such as direct broadcast bases of agricultural products, rural logistics service outlets and wholesale markets of agricultural products in production and sales areas, and improve the quality of network services.

(3) Promote the coverage of road mobile networks.

5. Optimize the coverage of mobile networks along major traffic routes. Accelerate the construction of 4G/5G networks along the county, focusing on national highways, provincial highways and expressways. Priority will be given to the coverage of neighboring road sections such as township government residences, administrative villages and tourist attractions, and the mobile network coverage of rural roads and border roads will be gradually promoted.

6. Improve the coverage of mobile networks along frontier railways and waterways. Combined with business needs and investment capacity, improve the coverage level of mobile networks along railways in border areas and international border rivers and waterways. Negotiate and promote the network construction of key areas such as railway tunnels, realize effective coverage along the railway, and actively protect the network demand of users.

(four) to enhance the border management agencies and border trade regional network support capabilities.

7. Improve the broadband network supply capacity of border management agencies. Accelerate the improvement of broadband network coverage and access capacity of border management agencies such as ports, border crossings, border checkpoints, border checkpoints, border police stations, police offices and duty stations, and promote the application of next-generation information technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data and artificial intelligence, effectively enhancing the ability of information-based border defense and control.

8. Accelerate the construction of high-quality networks in border trade areas. Give full play to the advantages of location and resources along the border, accelerate the construction of "double Gigabit" networks in key areas such as mutual trade points, logistics hubs, commodity distribution centers, characteristic industrial parks and demonstration bases, and build a digital base of "smart customs, smart borders and intelligent connectivity" to effectively improve the level of trade facilitation.

(5) Strengthen the coverage of broadband networks in island waters.

9. Optimize and upgrade the broadband network in the island area. Deepen the broadband network coverage of inhabited islands, and gradually promote the "double gigabit" network construction of islands. Explore communication technologies such as submarine cables, satellites and microwaves, and strengthen the network connection between important islands and neighboring islands and continents. Promote mobile network coverage of uninhabited islands as needed.

10. Promote mobile network coverage in coastal waters. Combined with the characteristics of coastline and the needs of offshore development activities, the coverage of 5G signals in coastal waters will be gradually expanded. Encourage relying on coastlines, islands and reefs, lighthouses, offshore oil and gas and wind power platforms to promote signal coverage in inland seas, territorial seas and adjacent areas, and flexibly adopt technologies such as satellites and microwaves to ensure the network demand of exclusive economic zones.

(6) Improve the service level of network maintenance.

11. Strengthen the daily operation and maintenance of the network in border areas. Increase investment in personnel, funds and materials, strengthen the monitoring and inspection of network equipment, line safety and operation status in border areas, and timely discover, investigate and dispose of security risks. Improve the emergency communication management mechanism and continuously improve the emergency response capability.

12. Guarantee the network quality in border areas. Encourage the coordinated development of 5G and 4G networks, support the development and deployment of multimode base station equipment, and meet the needs of rural areas for different standard networks. Support border areas to give priority to roaming in different networks and reduce the overall network construction cost in border areas. Carry out network quality evaluation and monitoring analysis to ensure the user’s business access experience.

13. Improve the level of network services in border areas. Increase the service assessment of the first-line windows such as physical business halls and customer service hotlines, and effectively improve the quality of broadband network services. Encourage the introduction of exclusive preferential tariffs for special groups such as poverty-stricken households, the elderly and the disabled in frontier rural areas.

(7) Empowering the digital development of border areas.

14. Empower digital services of public institutions. Promote the construction of 5G and Gigabit optical networks in primary and secondary schools in border areas, and create a number of benchmark cases of "double Gigabit" network construction in primary and secondary schools. Promote grassroots medical and health institutions such as frontier county hospitals, township hospitals and village clinics to carry out "double gigabit" network construction, promote the integrated application of information technology in rural basic medical and public health services, and carry out the pilot application of "broadband network+healthy villages".

15. Empower the digital transformation of rural industries. Deepen the application of "Double Gigabit" network in agricultural production scenarios, help build a number of smart farms, smart pastures and smart fishing grounds, and realize the digitalization of the whole process of agricultural production. Upgrade the network of rural e-commerce service sites to help the development of rural live e-commerce. Promote "5G+ Smart Tourism" and create a new tourism model.

16. Empower digital governance in rural areas. Promote the deep integration of "Double Gigabit" network and rural governance, and give full play to the important role of digital technology in grassroots party building, government services, and comprehensive governance. Help "Internet+government services" sink to rural areas and effectively improve the efficiency of grassroots convenience services. With the "double Gigabit" network, high-definition video, big data platform and other technical means, we will continuously improve the rural grid and refined management capabilities.

Third, safeguard measures

(A) improve the working mechanism

Local communication administrations should establish a collaborative promotion mechanism for the construction of "broadband frontier" with local departments such as industry and informatization, education, ethnic work, finance, natural resources, transportation, agriculture and rural areas, health and health, energy, border management, forestry and grassland, railways, etc., formulate work plans, clarify the division of tasks, and submit the work plan to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology before the end of March 2024. Establish a task ledger, communicate and coordinate regularly, promote the solution of network construction and maintenance difficulties, and report the work progress, existing difficulties and problems to the local party Committee and government on an annual basis.

(2) Guarantee capital investment

Basic telecommunications enterprises should focus on improving the development level of broadband networks in border areas, ensure the investment of network construction and operation and maintenance funds in border areas, actively urge local companies to undertake construction tasks, and exclude the costs involved in undertaking the construction tasks of telecom universal service projects when assessing the operating efficiency of companies in various provinces, cities and counties. China Tower Co., Ltd. should actively undertake the task of building the tower site in frontier areas, and increase its support for the telecom universal service project in accordance with the requirements of relevant documents. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Finance make overall consideration of the demand for "broadband frontier" construction, and give key support to the demand for network coverage in rural areas with high construction cost and poor natural conditions in the telecommunications universal service project.

(3) Improve support policies

Encourage relevant local departments to introduce special policies, strengthen the connection between network infrastructure and municipal and public service infrastructure in border areas, and reserve construction space in advance; Strengthen the power supply guarantee, do a good job in effectively connecting the access computer room, mobile communication base station and other planning with the power facility planning, and simplify the approval process. Local natural resources, forestry, grassland and border management departments should actively coordinate and solve the problems of land use, forest use, grass use and sea use involved in the construction of communication optical cables, submarine cables and base stations, and speed up the relevant procedures. Encourage local governments to actively coordinate the reduction and exemption of compensation, sea area use and other related expenses. The State Council State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) eliminated the relevant impacts in the performance appraisal of enterprises undertaking the task of "broadband frontier construction". Fully endowing the construction of "broadband frontier" with the significance of highlighting the consciousness of the Chinese nation’s community, and the State Ethnic Affairs Commission gives support in carrying out relevant appraisal and commendation.

(4) Deepening cooperation and sharing

Encourage all localities to promote the facilities of government agencies and institutions to open to the construction of "broadband frontier" free of charge. Strengthen cross-industry resource sharing, and promote the two-way sharing of resources such as pipe holes, towers/watchtowers, station sites and computer rooms between basic telecommunications enterprises and municipal, transportation, electric power, forestry and grass industries. Encourage relevant industry units to open power towers, traffic signal poles, road portal frames, video surveillance poles, highway pipe holes, railway channels and other resources to build communication facilities in a reasonable and fair market-oriented way on the premise of meeting the use requirements in this field and meeting the requirements of norms and standards, safe production, friendly consultation and clear responsibilities. Strengthen co-construction and sharing within the industry, promote cross-enterprise stock resources mutual cooperation, and enhance network robustness.

(E) to strengthen the tracking efficiency.

Relying on the national telecom universal service management support platform, strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of network infrastructure construction and key indicators of network quality in border areas. Basic telecommunications enterprises should strengthen the tracking and analysis of network construction investment, network scale and business development in border counties, and local communication administrations should carry out daily supervision and spot checks on the implementation of key tasks, and regularly report the progress to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to ensure that all tasks and objectives are completed on schedule. Organize the summary and evaluation of the construction of "broadband frontier counties" and set up a number of typical models with distinctive characteristics and remarkable results.

(6) Intensify publicity.

The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, together with relevant departments, will strengthen the analysis of the progress and effectiveness of the construction of "broadband frontier" and increase publicity and promotion. Support relevant media organizations to flexibly adopt various forms, dig deep and actively publicize typical cases and experiences in the construction and application of "broadband frontier". Local communication administrations, basic telecommunications enterprises and China Tower Co., Ltd. should strengthen the combing of typical cases in their own regions and enterprises, carry out experience exchange and sharing, and create a good construction environment.

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

Ministry of Education

State Ethnic Affairs Commission

the Ministry of Finance

Ministry of Natural Resources

Ministry of Transport

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs

National Health Commission (NHS)

State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC)

National Energy Administration

National Immigration Bureau

National Forestry and Grassland Bureau

China national railway group co., ltd

December 29, 2023

On November 5th, a message about "Sogou browser was exposed with obvious loopholes and tens of millions of users’ privacy was leaked in batches" began to spread to major media from the Kafan Forum.

According to the news, after logging in to Sogou browser with qq account, users will be able to find thousands of user names, accounts and passwords of unfamiliar users on many websites. There are inexplicably a lot of web pages in the user’s browser favorites that the user has not stored before. After opening the corresponding favorite web pages, even the browser will automatically fill in the user name and password and conduct electronic transactions directly.

For the first time, browser security vulnerabilities leaked privacy incidents, and sogou urgently needed to give users an explanation.

Some related technicians found files such as "HistoryUrl3_base" and "FormData3.dat" in the local browser of Sogou browser, which could not obtain the corresponding information without using professional software. After the Sogou browser synchronized the user’s stored account password and the webpage in the favorites to the cloud, the synchronized data was synchronized to other users’ computers, resulting in the disclosure of a large number of users’ private data information, which will lead to a large number of users’ property losses in this vulnerability incident.

It is understood that the recent Sogou browser security breach leaked user privacy security incidents for the first time in history, and a large number of user privacy data leaked and distributed incidents caused by browser security breaches. As a historical precedent, the security vulnerability incident of Sogou browser will attract more users’ attention. sogou needs to speed up the process of fixing product vulnerabilities and give users an early account of this matter.

New sogou made a good start. The biggest impact of Sogou browser security incident was sogou search

Since the news that sogou will be acquired by 360 on May 10th this year, it has been more than four months since the news that "Tencent acquired 36.5% shares in sogou" was confirmed, and the acquisition of sogou came to an end temporarily.

On November 3rd, sogou released the unaudited financial report for the third quarter of sogou as of September 30th, 2013. According to the report, the total revenue of New sogou in the first quarter of 2013 (the first quarter after sogou was acquired by Tencent with a 36.5% stake) was US$ 57 million, up 53% year-on-year, which set a good start for the development of New sogou.

And CNZZ, a traffic statistics agency, shows in the report that sogou search occupied 12.06% of the whole domestic search market on October 26th, reaching a new high.

After the browser is the most important Internet portal, Sogou browser, as the first event that a large number of user data are leaked due to browser security vulnerabilities, will not only have a great impact on its own development. As another sogou search business that can get more data from users and is more qualified to be an Internet portal, it will probably change the rapid development of Tencent after its shareholding, resulting in a small-scale share reduction.

Therefore, the security incident of Sogou browser is not only related to the future development of Sogou browser, but also will affect the development of sogou search-based sogou. (According to the vulnerability test of Dagong. com reporter at 11: 40, the security vulnerability of Sogou browser is no longer there.)

Sogou denied that the rumor of browser security vulnerabilities was ugly. "The poster said that the account was stolen."

After the sogou browser security vulnerability incident was widely spread by the media, which attracted the attention of the industry and even the society, sogou announced yesterday that the technical team of sogou browser started to verify the authenticity of the incident as soon as possible after the "sogou browser security vulnerability" incident was reported online, and confirmed that there was no security vulnerability in sogou browser. As for the reasons for this kind of news, sogou said that its strong development momentum made some competitors launch unfair competition in the name of kidnapping users, and especially said that it would not give up protecting the ultimate rights and interests of users by legal means.

Subsequently, at around 20: 31 yesterday, the k53941 user who had previously posted "Sogou browser broke security holes" on the technical forum card meal also posted that the owner of this user ID had not used it for a long time, and this time, the behavior of repeatedly posting multiple Sogou browser vulnerability posts was caused by the hacker after the ID password was stolen.

In this regard, some netizens expressed doubts. Since this user did not log in to this ID number for several months, why did he log in to this account shortly after the security vulnerability of Sogou browser was exposed? Are there still some unknown things behind it? Can this user also expose the login record of his forum account to improve the credibility of his speech?

Previously, on the platform of Black Cloud Vulnerability, many people in the industry and outside the industry have personally witnessed the seriousness of privacy leakage in view of the privacy leakage of sogou Pinyin. At that time, the announcement given by sogou was that Bing, the search engine, did not abide by the agreement of robots.txt, but it did not claim that its team’s means of protecting the privacy of input method was not enough, and more secure verification methods should be used to protect the privacy of input method users. As a heavyweight product in the legendary three-stage rocket of sogou, sogou input method is a leading product in both PC and mobile Internet. After a product with such a huge number of users has privacy loopholes, this response has aroused the dissatisfaction of many sogou input method users, and also provided opportunities for other input method manufacturers to develop users.

This time, regardless of whether there is a security loophole in Sogou browser, we will not consider whether posting claiming that the account was stolen is a way for sogou to refute rumors. After sogou became a shareholder in Tencent, his performance did show a good development trend. In this security vulnerability incident, the third-party vulnerability platform Wuyun and 360 security guards clearly stated that in a certain period of time, the second vulnerability of Sogou browser did exist. No matter whether the vulnerability incident is an oolong incident or not, sogou should give users a more comprehensive and satisfactory explanation, and try not to blindly find ways to excuse themselves. Users know whether there is a vulnerability, and promise to provide users with a better Sogou browser, and promise that sogou can compensate those users who have really suffered economic losses from Sogou browser as long as relevant certification materials are given. Is it a better way to deal with the incident?

Text/Xiao Qian, Weibo Xiao Moqian, WeChat net1996

Recently, in 2017, the "Top Ten Counties" in Hebei Province was announced, and Xinhua District of Shijiazhuang City, Wanquan District of Zhangjiakou City, Shuangluan District of Chengde City, Qian ‘an City of Tangshan City, Beidaihe District of Qinhuangdao City, sanhe city City of Langfang City, Renqiu City of Cangzhou City, Xushui District of Baoding City, Gucheng County of Hengshui City, Ningjin County and Linxi County of Xingtai City, Feixiang District of Handan City and Wu ‘an City were on the list. Micro-matrix, multi-platform … How does Hebei focus on creating "political energy" at its fingertips? Let’s take a look with Xiaobian.

● Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang City: The micro-matrix of government affairs is coordinated by the government and the micro-matrix to form a joint force.

The micro-matrix of government affairs led by "Shijiazhuang Xinhua Publishing" was built, and it was coordinated with the official WeChat of 15 streets and districts. At present, various departments in Xinhua District of Shijiazhuang City have established 101 government WeChat WeChat official account and 213 third-level WeChat groups headed by "propaganda front", forming an all-round and three-dimensional propaganda pattern of information exchange and resource sharing. 　　

● Wanquan District, Zhangjiakou City: Multi-platform to strengthen the construction of new government media

It has basically formed a new media position for government affairs, with Weibo WeChat and Wanquan Publicity Network as the backbone. Efforts will be made to make the "Houde Wanquan" micro-signal, "Houde Wanquan" post bar and "Wangxin Wanquan" micro-signal the most influential platform for government affairs release, network politics and network benefiting the people in the whole region. At present, all towns, townships and districts in the region have opened official WeChat platforms, 17 people’s livelihood departments have registered official websites, and Wanquan District Network Information Office has formed a new media alliance, forming a development trend of "one network in the region".

● Shuangluan District, Chengde City: An integrated government service platform creates "political energy" at the fingertips.

Build an authoritative and convenient integrated Internet government service platform, and form an interconnected government information resource pool, so that "data runs more and people run less errands". Several publishing platforms, such as Sina Weibo, WeChat WeChat official account, People’s Daily Online Government Affairs Publishing Hall and Today’s Headlines, have been launched successively to realize "double micro-linkage" and coordinated development. At present, 20 departments including education and health have opened Weibo and WeChat WeChat official account, serving more than 100,000 people and having more than 50,000 fans.

● Qian’ an City: Strengthen training from the media to the new government media "speaker"

Weibo, the official website of Qian ‘an Publishing, and WeChat official account, the official website of "Shuicheng has a story" and "Wangxin Qian ‘an", have been launched successively, among which "Shuicheng has a story" has wiped out a network of instant news, people’s livelihood hotspots, social conditions, public opinion and life information. Innovate management mode, organize more than 10 self-media organizations to carry out publicity activities, discussion and exchange, study and training, and gradually develop them into "megaphones" and "speakers" of new government media.

Beidaihe District, Qinhuangdao City: Creating a precedent of "Post Bar Network Conference"

Since March 2017, the "Langtaosha Beidaihe" Post Bar has been built into a new platform for unblocking public opinion and asking about politics. At present, there are more than 13,000 registered members, and 98 real-name registered accounts of district departments and resident units have entered the Post Bar, and online government affairs have been carried out according to offline functions. Since the operation of the platform, more than 900 cases have been handled to solve the public sentiment problems of post bars.

In order to promote the openness of government affairs, on the morning of May 31, 2017, Beidaihe District held a network dispatching meeting to create a national civilized city through the "Langtaosha Beidaihe" Post Bar, creating a precedent for "Post Bar Network Meeting". In order to further open up the last mile of serving the masses, Beidaihe District Administrative Service Center, in conjunction with the Real Estate Registration Center, opened the "Langtaosha Beidaihe" Post Bar appointment number processing mode from June 6, 2017.

● sanhe city: A number of window units opened the government "WeChat appointment" service.

In 2017, sanhe city opened a total of 179 official WeChat WeChat official account, covering towns, districts, streets, municipal units, police stations, hospitals, schools, etc., to achieve full coverage of government new media construction. At present, the total number of fans of various new government media in the city exceeds 100,000, and the daily visits exceed 200,000. To further expand the service function, at present, a number of window units have opened the "WeChat appointment" service for government affairs, and established a message handling mechanism for netizens. Online government affairs have been reviewed, handled, replied and resolved.

● Renqiu City: A new model of network governance weaves a "net" for the people.

Establish a new network governance model of "Post Bar Collection, Public Opinion Prompting, Easy Letter Coordination (upgraded to Blue Letter from October 2016), Post Bar Feedback Communication, and WeChat official account Publicity and Guidance". Twenty-one townships and 88 municipal departments in the city upload their work trends in real time through the Baidu Post Bar of "Love Renqiu for Development", accept the supervision of netizens and collect their opinions and suggestions 24 hours a day. Up to now, a total of 12,853 questions have been received from netizens, and 8,930 questions have been solved, with a resolution rate of 69.4%.

● Xushui District, Baoding: 299 rural areas have achieved full coverage of e-commerce.

We will implement the four major projects of "rural e-commerce, information benefiting the people, network intellectual support and network public welfare", actively strive for policy financial support, and guide industrial enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, to use third-party platforms such as Taobao and JD.COM to carry out e-commerce. At present, 299 rural areas in the whole region have achieved full coverage of e-commerce, effectively stimulating new kinetic energy for rural development.

● Gucheng County: Innovate the form of propaganda and seize the main position of the network.

Actively create new media works, hold the H5 works exhibition of "Celebrating the 19th National Congress and Showing New Features", and display outstanding H5 works on platforms such as "Hengshui Publishing" and "Old City Publicity"; The total reading volume of H5 works, such as "Creating a new tourism format of the old city according to the Millennium Canal culture", exceeded 100,000. Activities such as "Welcome to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China-Enjoy the New Changes in the Old Town-Photographs" were carried out through WeChat WeChat official account "Online Trust Old Town", which created a positive online cultural atmosphere. Use WeChat WeChat official account’s "Civilized Old City" to carry out public welfare activities such as "stressing civilization, cultivating new styles" and "traveling in a civilized way to be civilized tourists" to reach out to netizens and spread positive energy.

● Ningjin County: Practice the online mass line and build an online mass line platform.

Pay attention to practicing the online mass line and build a local online mass line platform relying on new government media. Relying on the "Ningjin Publishing" WeChat public platform, we carried out the activity of "Asking the people for leapfrogging, gathering wisdom and promoting improvement", and collected opinions and suggestions from the people of the county around the outstanding problems affecting development and the development measures expected by the masses. The activity collected more than 2,000 effective opinions and suggestions. "Ningjin Education" replied to netizens for 27,410 times and 16,042 people, and collected a large number of social conditions and public opinions for school construction and education development, and solved hundreds of consultation complaints.

● Linxi County: Create quality products and create brands.

Since its construction and operation in early 2015, Linxi County has established brand awareness and strived to build Linxi County Publishing into a first-class and well-known new government media brand in the whole city. From the aspects of layout design and content planning, Linxi County has highlighted its characteristics in the central work around the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, tackling poverty and attracting investment, and opened columns such as "Celebrating the 19th National Congress", "Gold Business Card" and "Warm Heart". The number of fans and influence have steadily increased. At present, "Linxi County Publishing" has more than 45,000 fans. In 2016, it won the title of "Advanced Collective of Positive Energy in Flood Relief Network" and the honorary title of "2016 Excellent New Media for Government Affairs in Hebei Province (WeChat)".

● Feixiang District of Handan City: Four-dimensional integrated data management model assists scientific decision-making and social governance.

Using the four-dimensional integrated data management model of "WeChat matrix group+applet matrix+big data management system+WeChat public platform", we will assist district committees and district governments to establish scientific decision-making and social governance mechanisms and explore new models of government management and social governance. Build a three-level WeChat matrix group covering the whole region, and build a group to the village. The rural household rate reaches 93.7%, which really extends to the village-level "nerve endings" and completely opens up the "last mile" of the online mass line; Before August 10th, 2016, all the people’s livelihood departments in the whole region opened WeChat WeChat official account, and fully opened the official Weibo, WeChat and client.

● Wu ‘an City: The netizen left a message of "full download, full acceptance and full reply".

Establish "New Wu ‘an" WeChat WeChat official account as the official new media WeChat official account of Wu ‘an, and 46 outstanding new media such as "Wu ‘an Government Affairs" form a strong joint force, enrich the online service function, promote online politics, realize network benefiting the people and implement network poverty alleviation. When dealing with people’s livelihood issues reflected on the Internet, we will refine the mechanism of disciplinary accountability, collective consultation and quarterly hearing of the Standing Committee of the Municipal Party Committee. For netizens’ messages, adhere to the principle of "full download, full acceptance and full reply", and reply to the opinions of the masses that are not suitable for publicity through separate communication.

(Hebei News Network Comprehensive, edited by Hou Meng)

How to use drugs for pregnant and lactating women infected with COVID-19? The answer you want to know is here.

Haikou, December 24th   (Reporter   Marco) With the adjustment of national epidemic prevention policy, the infection rate in Covid-19 continues to rise. So how should some special people, especially pregnant and lactating women, take medicine after being infected with Covid-19, so as to effectively relieve their symptoms and protect their baby’s health? Zou Junjin, director of the clinical pharmacy department of Hainan Women and Children Medical Center, answered this question.

Zou Jun said that the Covid-19 infection rate and symptoms of pregnant women are similar to those of the general population, and most of them are asymptomatic or mild. The symptoms are similar to other acute upper respiratory tract infections, such as fever, dry throat, cough, runny nose and aches all over. Generally, they will get better in three or four days, and will gradually recover in about seven days. Therefore, if pregnant women are infected with Covid-19, they need not be too anxious. When necessary, they can use drugs under the guidance of doctor Yamatonokusushi.

one

What should pregnant women do after they are infected with Covid-19? Do you need medication?

A: In principle, there is no need for medication for asymptomatic infected people. In the early stage of the disease, we can use drugs according to the symptoms, such as antipyretic drugs for fever, cough and expectoration drugs for cough and phlegm, and there is no need to use other drugs, such as antiviral drugs and antibiotics. In addition, in the choice of medication, try to choose a single preparation and avoid using a compound preparation.

2

What drugs can be used after pregnant women are infected with Covid-19?

A: Early pregnancy is a critical period of embryo development. At this stage, drugs should be avoided as much as possible to reduce the impact on embryos. The second and third trimester of pregnancy is relatively safe, and there are many drugs to choose from. Please refer to the relevant drug instructions and the drug list issued by the National Obstetrics Professional Medical Quality Control Center.

three

Pregnant and puerperal women with basic diseases are infected with Covid-19. What suggestions do you have for medication?

A: For pregnant women who are infected with Covid-19 and have basic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, etc., it is best to consult a doctor or pharmacist when choosing drug treatment, and inform them of the types of drugs they have taken for a long time before, so as to avoid the interaction between drugs and the fluctuating influence on basic diseases, and not to blindly use drugs.

four

Can lactating women continue to breastfeed when they are infected with Covid-19?

A: Of course. As long as the mother’s body allows, you can continue breastfeeding, because the risk of Covid-19 transmission through breast milk is extremely low. Breast milk contains antibodies and other anti-infective factors from the mother, and the baby can be passively immune to the virus after ingestion. It should be noted that before breast-feeding and daily nursing contact with the baby, breast-feeding women need to implement protective measures, such as wearing N95 masks, washing hands frequently, ventilating frequently, cleaning and disinfecting the surface of objects touched by their mothers regularly.

Zou Jun reminded that pregnant expectant mothers should go to the hospital as soon as possible if their condition is obviously aggravated after being infected with Covid-19, such as persistent high fever, dyspnea, chest pain, abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding and abnormal fetal movement.

Cartography/Zhang Xin

CCTV News:The reporter learned from the State Financial Supervision and Administration that since the beginning of this year, financial institutions have continued to increase the supply of agricultural credit, and the balance of agricultural loans nationwide increased by 13.5% at the end of the first quarter.

The data shows that as of the end of the first quarter, the balance of agricultural loans nationwide totaled 60.19 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 13.5%. Among them, the loan balance of farmland capital construction increased by 29.8% year-on-year, the loan balance of key grain areas increased by 21.46% year-on-year, and the loan balance of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery increased by 14.7% year-on-year, which were significantly higher than the growth rates of various loans. It has strongly supported the stable production and supply of grain and important agricultural products, the key core technology research of seed industry, and the construction of high-standard farmland.

Since the beginning of this year, several provincial and municipal supervision bureaus of the State Financial Supervision Administration have also introduced measures to promote financial institutions to increase their support for spring ploughing production. Hebei Supervision Bureau requires increasing credit support for new agricultural business entities; Sichuan Supervision Bureau requires the development of insurance for seed industry, soybeans, oil crops and local advantageous agricultural products; Guangdong Supervision Bureau requires giving priority to ensuring the credit scale of spring ploughing loans, simplifying credit procedures and implementing the policy of reducing fees and making profits.

The data also shows that as of the end of the first quarter, the balance of inclusive agriculture-related loans nationwide was 13.69 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 19.43%. In the first quarter of this year, the average interest rate of new inclusive agriculture-related loans dropped to 5.0%, down 0.56 percentage points from the same period last year.

Leading the growth rate of agricultural machinery loans in the first quarter to help agricultural mechanization

At present, the national spring ploughing has come to an end. The reporter learned in Guangdong, Anhui and other places that agricultural machinery loans have become one of the fastest growing areas of agricultural loans this year, showing that the level of agricultural mechanization in China has continued to improve.

In wengyuan county, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, since the beginning of spring ploughing this year, rice transplanters have become the most sought-after talents in various villages, and many skilled rice transplanters are often invited to give lectures in various villages. There are still many young people who have returned to their hometowns to operate various agricultural machinery and agricultural drones.

It is understood that since the spring ploughing this year, the demand for all kinds of agricultural machinery in Guangdong Province, from nursery machinery to tractors, rice transplanters, agricultural drones and so on, has increased significantly, which has driven the rapid growth of related loans.

In Anhui, Liaoning and other places, the increase in loans in the field of agricultural machinery is also very obvious.

The data shows that since the beginning of this year, the balance of agricultural machinery loans of Agricultural Bank of China has increased by more than 50% compared with the beginning of the year, which is one of the fastest growing areas of agricultural loans. The General Administration of Financial Supervision also proposed that this year, credit loans for new agricultural business entities and farmers should be increased to improve the level of rural financial services.

Original Liu Kan Kan Shi Wu suo

Speaking of major shopping malls in Chengdu

How familiar the subjects are with them.

It’s like being familiar with your own home

Dig carefully and explore everywhere

Measure air conditioning in summer and toilet in winter.

I also called the phone behind the ladies’ room door in the mall

Take all the boys who have never been in the ladies’ room.

I have seen the shopping mall until recently, an old smoker colleague.

Ask us a soul question:

"Have you ever been to the smoking room in the mall?

Has anyone ever cared about the life of us smokers? "

Sorry, there really isn’t!

Because I don’t smoke

We don’t even know that in the mall

There is also a smoking room as a supporting facility.

And it is said that the smoking room in every shopping mall

From apartment type to decoration standard

There is a big gap.

So we decided

With the consciousness of smoking enough secondhand smoke

Go to five famous shopping malls in Chengdu overnight.

Go and see what their smoking room looks like!

Youfang

Location: indoors

Area: ★★★★★☆.

Luxury: ★★★★★☆.

On the floor sign of Youfang

The floors with smoking rooms are marked.

Behind the second, fourth and fifth floors

Follow an icon of smoke curling from a kitchen stove.

Is the sign of the smoking room.

Look up a little in the mall

You can see the sign in the smoking room.

At first I thought the location of the smoking room

It should be mostly near the bathroom.

After all, for smokers,

Smoking addiction is coming.

It should be as if it’s convenient.

All belong to the level of physiological needs.

Follow the sign in the smoking room.

Go to a gate that looks like a safe exit.

I thought I would push this door open.

Decoration standards should still be.

Belong to the scope of shopping malls

After all, Youfang even has luxurious toilet decoration.

I didn’t expect the door to open.

I am stupid!

This exit doesn’t look safe at all.

This weird light

A pale corridor

I feel like I came to the hospital theme in an instant.

Horror film shooting place

And I feel like I am

The only night nurse in the whole hospital

Then the telephone at the end of the corridor suddenly rang …

Feel this corridor

Not only does it well isolate the fear of the public and smokers.

It is also relying on its strange environment and layout.

Test smokers’ true love for cigarettes.

When ordinary smokers walk through this corridor,

There will still be a trace of fear in my heart:

"Forget it, endure it and smoke after shopping."

Only the real top smokers.

Dare to lift the lighter and go forward:

"I will smoke this cigarette today.

Even if something gets in the way

Dare to burn it with cigarette butts. "

Come to the end of the corridor

Turning right is another iron gate.

Then you have to pass by the strong electric well.

▼

And through another iron gate.

▼

Passing the freight elevator again

▼

And then through another iron gate.

▼

How many iron gates have I passed? I have forgotten.

Feeling little red riding hood’s way to grandma’s house

None of them are so tortuous

Finally at a fork in the road

Saw the real door of the smoking room.

Only when you are very narrow at the beginning can you understand people.

After several steps, you will be suddenly enlightened.

Only Peach Blossom Garden can describe this moment.

My feelings when I walked into Youfang’s smoking room

The area of a smoking room

It feels bigger than the luxury bag in ktv.

And there are two such luxury smoking rooms.

It should be able to accommodate smokers from five advertising companies at the same time.

Hold an annual meeting here

(just metaphor, in the current situation.

It is not recommended that more than 5 smokers gather to smoke)

Not only is there a lot of space

A strong sense of design.

Take a picture like you’re at IKEA.

Large French windows provide good lighting.

Bench, table, even ashtray.

Most devices are triangular.

as everyone knows

Triangle is the most stable shape.

Design inspiration may imply

Smoking addiction is as unbreakable as a triangle.

Not only have seats.

There’s still a station against the wall

And each station is respectively provided with an upright ashtray.

The ashtray is scarred inside.

This is a medal exclusively for ashtrays.

Every dent and trace in the bottom

Both represent a cigarette butt and a spark.

Close contact with metal ashtray

Although there are many smoking places

But I didn’t smell the pungent smoke.

On the one hand, the space is large and the flavor is fast.

And the ventilation system on the ceiling

Looks like he’s working hard, too

It’s in the eye-catching position near the door

A warning zone was posted.

Put four fire extinguishers with large capacity.

I thought it was the mall’s concern

Long-term consideration that a single spark can start a prairie fire

I didn’t know until I checked the information

All smoking rooms must have fire control facilities.

Ok, I’m the one who’s ignorant.

I will immediately apply what I have learned at the next stop!

Vientiane city

Location: Outdoor terrace

Area: ★★★★★★★

Luxury: ★★★☆☆☆

In front of the toilets on all floors of Vientiane City.

Wandering and pacing back and forth several times in a row

I didn’t even find the sign for the smoking room.

Just about to give up.

An equally anxious middle-aged man

Attracted my attention.

From his anxious eyes

It is not difficult to see in the footsteps of panic.

Big brother is addicted to cigarettes!

So I immediately followed the pace of my eldest brother.

Walk down the escalator and through the crowd

Finally came to …

A fire station? ?

Even the fire engines are complete

(Although it is painted)

But the degree of complete equipment

Makes me doubt that this is the Vientiane City detachment of chenghua district Fire Brigade.

But eldest brother was not attracted by the exquisite fire station.

Through the red one

Push open the glass door

3、2、1……

Fire！

It’s a pity that the moment the eldest brother ignited.

I didn’t film it.

You can think for yourself. Imagine.

Stalking a middle-aged man is suspicious enough.

If you dare to take a candid photo again, you’ll be afraid that Big Brother will directly hit my mobile phone.

Separated by a glass door

Indoor is a logo that explicitly prohibits smoking.

And the eye-catching fire station.

And outdoors

Is a refuge for smokers’ friends.

Vientiane City’s smoking terrace is located outdoors.

Several ashtray columns were scattered thinly.

It seems to remind smokers and friends all the time.

Don’t get together when smoking.

wide berth

Of course it’s more airy outdoors.

The smell of smoke also dispersed quickly.

After all, the smoke is definitely not as strong as the wind.

It’s just that the wind is a little cold in winter.

After smoking, my hands and feet are frozen.

For smokers’ friends

Ventilation or warmth?

This is more difficult than fish and bear’s paw.

Chicony

Location: indoors

Area: ★☆☆☆☆☆

Luxury: ★★★☆☆☆

We are downstairs in Qunguang.

I asked the little sister who pressed the elevator carefully.

I learned that there are smoking rooms on the 5th, 8th and 9th floors.

We immediately arrived at the fifth floor.

The smoking room is next to the toilet and fire hydrant.

The difference between a smoking room and a toilet is that

The door of the toilet is open.

The door of the smoking room is closed.

There is no age limit for toilets.

And the smoking room door reads:

No entry under 18 years old.

Door glass of group light smoking room

It’s brown.

And press the touch switch.

As far as the sense of science and technology is concerned, it is already the most advanced at present

After entering the door

All the equipment in the whole smoking room

You can read it all at once

It is estimated that the total area does not exceed 2 square meters.

What is more striking is that

An electronic screen as big as a TV set

It has been scrolling.

A promotional film of "Cigarette butts don’t fall to the ground" made by Qunguang.

The most special is the lower right corner of the screen.

Displays the current indoor and outdoor PM2.5 values in real time.

Carbon dioxide concentration, etc …

There may be more than twice as many smokers indoors as outdoors.

What’s more special is that

The electronic screen can also display in real time.

Number of cigarette butts in left and right ashtray

But a closer look will tell.

The cost of ashtray is not small.

"Self-extinguishing, flame-proof and odor-resistant ashtray"

I don’t know if I don’t die.

Just smell it.

The function of deodorizing should be improved.

Although there is no one in the smoking room at the moment

But I can still learn from the residual secondhand smoke

Smell a narrow smell.

Popular science knowledge is hung on the left wall.

In a gold embossed photo frame

It’s not a classic Renaissance oil painting.

But in black and white: the history of cigarettes (part)

The part in brackets is very strict.

It’s confusing for a moment. This is popular science.

Still chasing the serialization of online texts?

You may have to punch in three smoking rooms.

Only after reading the history of cigarettes (all)

A crowded bathroom and corridor

It should be redecorated.

Each floor has a different style.

Some photos are pretty good.

Theme color of the exterior wall of the smoking room on the 8th floor.

Changed to green.

After opening the door, the layout is similar to the fifth floor.

The area is a little larger.

In addition to the electronic screen

And an ordinary ashtray.

Judging from the number of cigarette butts in the ashtray

The business of the smoking room on the eighth floor

It may be better than the fifth floor.

But I’m not on the wall either

Find the history of cigarettes I want to see (Part II)

So I went on to the smoking room on the ninth floor.

The obvious area of the ninth floor is much larger than that of the fifth and eighth floors.

The electronic screen has also changed from one to two.

There are two big brothers leaning against the railing to smoke.

You look tired at first glance.

Just escaped from his girlfriend’s shopping military training.

It is suggested that the shopping mall can consider

Add some stools to the smoking room.

Girls can leave their boyfriends here when they go shopping in the future.

·IFS·

Location: Outdoor terrace

Area: ★★★☆☆☆☆

Luxury: ★★★☆☆☆

On the guide board of IFS

Location of toilets and maternity rooms

Are clearly marked.

Only there is no smoking room instruction.

So I ran to the reception desk on the first floor.

Asking about the location of the smoking room

Maybe in the eyes of miss service desk.

I am an old smoker who is addicted to cigarettes.

She immediately provided me with the fastest smoking plan:

"If you are in a hurry, you can smoke when you walk out of the door."

"It’s not in such a hurry …"

"We can’t smoke indoors in shopping malls.

Outside the gate on the first floor and outside the platform on the seventh floor can be used. "

So we went up to the seventh floor and pushed open the glass door.

Haven’t seen the giant panda yet.

I first saw the trash can at the door

Two cigarette butts that just died out.

Not far away, two smokers in overalls.

Smoking to relieve fatigue

Outdoor temperature in Chengdu that day

It’s only 3 degrees

These two smoker friends are wearing thin clothes.

It highlights the cruelty of outdoor smoking rooms.

You don’t have to play with the ash.

There is no average of 30 seconds to fight a cold war.

The ash all shook off automatically.

Also in another position on the terrace on the 7th floor.

Giant panda’s right eye is 50 meters ahead.

In a semi-circular fence

It is another smoking base for IFS workers.

Number of cigarette butts on the trash can

Can accurately reflect the IFS workers.

The degree of fishing that day.

According to fans.

This semi-circular smoking base

There are umbrellas in summer.

There are several office workers in white shirts standing under the umbrella.

The story of Zhiming and Chunjiao in Chengdu was staged.

Ito Plaza

Location: both indoors and outdoors

Area: ★★★★★☆.

Luxury: ★★★☆☆☆

Why are you going all the way?

What about Ito Square in Honghe?

Of course, the first reason is

There are no smoking rooms in Ito and Isetan on Chunxi Road.

As early as the opening of Ito Square,

@ Huang Yibai came to visit the store.

She was deeply impressed by the smoking room here.

Indoor smoking room in Ito Square

On the 4th and 6th floors respectively.

Near the toilet

Then as we approached the smoking area,

But the notice on the glass door

Block the way

Although during the epidemic

Indoor smoking room is temporarily closed.

But fortunately!

We have precious images before the epidemic.

Red brick and grey wall

The industrial wind in the smoking room of Ito Square.

There is a row of ashtrays against the wall.

Look at it in a row

Neat as a toilet pit.

Walk a few steps forward at the notice.

You can see the sign of outdoor smoking area.

And a huge red indicator arrow.

Feeling guide sign

It was also posted after the epidemic.

Because the arrow gets smaller as you go forward.

Myopia may get lost.

Four turns and eight turns

Passing through a shopping mall.

Finally arrived at Ito Square.

Outdoor smoking point

At this moment, the afterglow of the sunset

Sprinkle it on the outer wall of 468

Outdoor temperature

Compared with the sunny afternoon, it is a few degrees lower.

There is no one in the outdoor smoking area.

Leaving only an upright ashtray.

Stand guard alone

if

The smoking room in the shopping mall

Most of the target customers are men.

So this shows that

The weight of male customers in the minds of shopping malls

It’s really not that heavy!

The indoor smoking room is not ventilated.

The ventilated smoking room is too cold.

To complete the smoking spots in all five shopping malls.

I sincerely suggest that smokers and friends.

Smoke less in winter.

If you have to smoke, wear thick clothes!

Welcome to chat in the message area.

Which shopping mall in Chengdu has a smoking room?

Impressed you?

/The author of this article Liu Kan/

What are you looking at? Don’t look.

Smoking is harmful to health.

Original title: "Evaluation of smoking rooms in Chengdu shopping malls, which is the happy hometown of smokers? 》

Read the original text

speed up apply the brakes oil consumption second rice rise Performance Qualification/Driving Lightness Test Volvo S60L T3 Evaluation Editor-He Jiarong:

Volvo S60L T3 has qualified acceleration performance, brisk driving feeling and satisfactory fuel consumption per 100 kilometers, but it is regrettable that the narrow tires limit the normal exertion of braking level, which also affects my score. Considering that the current discount of this model in the market has exceeded 50,000 yuan, combined with its own configuration that can meet the basic needs, relatively low price and brand awareness, I think it is a good choice for the entry-level luxury brand medium-sized car.

Evaluation Editor-Huang Rongjia:

I think Volvo’s models are luxury goods in the automobile industry, so brand charm is one of the main factors to attract consumers. S60L’s dynamic driving experience is quite textured, which is its advantage. Although the acceleration of T3 model is not too fast, it can still have a good pleasure in daily driving. It’s enough. As for the convenience of configuration, it is really not too rich, depending on whether you care.

Evaluation Editor-Wang Ziping:

As the entry-level model of S60L, its power performance is still good, with light throttle and agile dynamic response, which is enough for daily driving, but compared with the entry-level models of competitors of the same level like 3 Series, its acceleration performance is still somewhat mediocre. The configuration is passable, and considering that it has a good discount range, it is a good choice if you value luxury brands.

　　　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing (Reporter Chen Yuming) The China Trade Union will hold its 15th National Congress on the 17th. Today, 30 years ago, another very important congress of trade unions in China-the Ninth National Congress is also in progress.

　　　　It was the Ninth Congress of the Trade Union that brought new opportunities to the China trade union movement, which was completely paralyzed by the catastrophe of the Cultural Revolution, and the trade union work began to recover and develop in an all-round way.

　　　　Over the past 30 years, under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), trade unions have adapted to the new requirements of the development of the times, regarded safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of workers as a sacred duty, and made efforts to build trade unions into a real "home for workers".

　　　　Trade union members range from 50 million to 209 million.

　　　　"By the end of June 2008, the number of grass-roots trade union organizations nationwide had reached 1,702,400, covering 3,556,000 units; The total number of trade union members in China has reached 209 million … "This is the result of the formation of trade unions announced at the press conference of the 15th National Congress of China Trade Unions held recently.

　　　　Thirty years ago, there were only about 300,000 grass-roots trade union organizations in China, and the total number of trade union members in China was only 50 million.

　　　　"The substantial increase in the number of grass-roots organizations and trade union members in the country is by no means a simple change in the concept of numbers." The relevant person in charge of the ACFTU said that in order to effectively play the role of the Party as a bridge between the workers and the masses, trade unions must organize workers into trade unions to the maximum extent and earnestly safeguard their legitimate rights and interests.

　　　　Over the past 30 years, trade unions in China have been forging ahead in the tide of reform, opening up and socialist modernization. From the late 1970s to the 1980s, trade union work gradually resumed development. By the 1990s, with the rapid growth of the non-public sector of the economy, trade unions in China consolidated their traditional positions in state-owned and collective enterprises, and on the other hand, made efforts to expand the territory in the new field of the non-public sector of the economy.

　　　　In the 21st century, trade unions in China clearly put forward that the establishment of trade unions and the development of members should be the top priority of trade union work, and showed the policy of "organizing and earnestly safeguarding rights", and vigorously promoted the establishment of trade unions by new economic organizations and new social organizations, which made the establishment of trade unions achieve great development.

　　　　Today, China trade unions have not only overcome the difficult problem of establishing Wal-Mart’s trade unions, but also achieved remarkable results in exploring the organizational forms and systems of grass-roots trade unions. Various organizational forms, such as market trade unions, project trade unions, building trade unions, and agricultural industrial chain trade unions, have been summarized and popularized, and the "small three-level" organizational network of township (street) trade unions, village (community) trade unions and enterprise trade unions has basically taken shape, and the mechanism for producing the chairmen of grass-roots trade unions has been improved day by day, which has provided a long-term mechanism guarantee for the development and growth of trade unions.

　　　　It is particularly noteworthy that migrant workers, as a new force in the workforce, are increasingly joining trade union organizations. Statistics show that as of June this year, there are 66.746 million migrant workers in the national trade unions, and the development potential is huge.

　　　　A major breakthrough in the formation of trade unions and the development of members has consolidated the party’s class foundation and expanded the party’s mass base. Trade unions in China have become a well-deserved and strong pillar in the construction of state power.

　　　　Effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of employees

　　　　"Organize, earnestly safeguard rights", "worker-oriented, take the initiative to scientifically safeguard rights according to law" … Nowadays, if you walk into the office of any trade union casually, you can always see these words that embody the theoretical innovation achievements of trade union work in China.

　　　　In April 1983, when studying the Outline of the Work Report of the Tenth National Congress of Trade Unions in China and other documents, Secretary the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly stated that "the nature and task of trade unions should be an organization that represents the interests of the working class and works for the working class under the leadership of the party."

　　　　In the 1990s, the rapid development of the non-public sector of the economy has brought about the diversification and complexity of labor relations, and the problem of infringing on the rights and interests of workers has become increasingly prominent. In this context, the first Labor Law of New China was promulgated in July 1994. Article 7 of the law stipulates that "trade unions represent and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of workers."

　　　　On the basis of summarizing the practice of safeguarding rights for many years, the newly revised Trade Union Law in 2001 clearly stipulates that "safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of employees is the basic duty of trade unions." In the new century, especially since the 14th Congress of China Trade Union, with the deepening of practice, the theory of trade union rights protection has been greatly enriched and developed.

　　　　While the theory of safeguarding rights is constantly innovating and sublimating, trade unions at all levels have achieved increasingly fruitful results in safeguarding rights in practice.

　　　　On the one hand, in order to adapt to the deep adjustment of social and economic structure, trade unions at all levels have strengthened their participation in the source and established and improved a series of rights protection mechanisms. At present, at the macro level, the joint (contact) meeting system between trade unions and the government and the tripartite consultation mechanism of labor relations have been generally established, and the participation of trade unions in legislation and law enforcement supervision is increasing; At the enterprise level, the signing rate of labor contracts and collective contracts has been further improved, the democratic management system of enterprises and institutions with workers’ congresses as the basic form has been widely implemented, and the wage co-determination mechanism, normal wage growth mechanism and payment guarantee mechanism of enterprise employees have been gradually established.

　　　　On the other hand, in view of the fact that some employees have encountered difficulties in the restructuring of state-owned enterprises and the adjustment of industrial structure, trade unions at all levels have increased their assistance to employees in need and the rights of migrant workers on the basis of maintaining stability and promoting harmony. Nowadays, the send warm activity, the assistance center for needy workers and the golden autumn student assistance activity have become trade union work brands with great social influence, and the slogan "Migrant workers have difficulties, so they need to defend their rights and find a trade union" is resounding. Statistics show that at present, 100% of prefecture-level cities and 91% of county-level towns in China have established assistance centers for needy workers, raising a total of 4.2 billion yuan to help 20.902 million people. By the end of 2007, trade unions at all levels in China had helped the government to settle the arrears of wages for migrant workers by a total of 43.32 billion yuan.

　　　　Improve quality and make contributions.

　　　　On May 9th, 2006, China inventor Bao Qifan, who was a worker, shocked the Paris International Invention Exhibition. With the success of winning four gold medals alone, he created a new history of the world’s most authoritative invention exhibition with a history of 105 years.

　　　　In the past 30 years, Bao Qifan has gone from a dock stevedore with only junior high school education to a national expert and professor-level senior engineer who won numerous awards for innovation and invention. He said that his growth benefited from the good times of reform and opening up and the good platform built by the party, the government and trade unions at all levels.

　　　　Bao Qifan is just a microcosm of the tens of thousands of China workers in Qian Qian who grew up under the banner of reform and opening up.

　　　　The process of the intelligentization of the working class in China determines the modernization of China. From the nationwide reading activities of "Revitalizing China" in the 1980s, with more than 11 million employees participating in the reading activities, to the in-depth activities of "establishing learning organizations and striving to be knowledge workers" in the new era, and to the comprehensive promotion of the quality project for employees … China trade unions have always regarded improving the overall quality of the workforce as their long-term strategic task.

　　　　According to statistics, since 2005, trade unions at or above the grass-roots level have commended 37,000 advanced units of learning organizations, 16,700 advanced teams and groups, and 83,000 model workers and advanced individuals.

　　　　It is precisely because of the high-quality workforce that the working class in China can always stand in the forefront of the development of the times and make immortal contributions in the grand project of modernization.

　　　　Focusing on the objectives and tasks of economic construction, it has always been the proper meaning of China trade unions to show the wisdom and strength of the working class through various forms of meritorious activities.

　　　　Since 1983, the ACFTU has jointly issued documents with relevant ministries and commissions almost every year to organize workers to carry out labor competitions with rationalization proposals and technological innovation as the main content. Nowadays, labor competition is still an indispensable part of trade union work, but its form and connotation are richer.

　　　　According to statistics, since 2003 alone, workers’ technical associations at all levels have organized 453,000 technical research and development projects, creating economic benefits of 40.79 billion yuan; 358,300 new technologies were popularized, creating an economic benefit of 75.81 billion yuan.

　　　　"As long as you work hard, you can also be a worker." When this consensus gradually becomes a strong voice of the times, the working class in China will surely make new contributions in the great journey of building a well-off society in an all-round way.

　　　　In the past 30 years, China’s trade unions have been tempered and transformed in the reform and opening up and market economy, and have realized the great rejuvenation of the trade union cause through continuous progress; Today, the trade union in China, which stands at a new historical starting point, will surely lead the working class in China to create new glories.

Editor: Liu Li

　　Throughout history, infectious diseases have accompanied the process of human civilization and have had a profound impact on human civilization. It can be said that the history of mankind is the history of fighting infectious diseases. As William McNeill mentioned in his book Plague and Man: "Intelligence, knowledge and organization can’t change people’s vulnerability and helplessness in the face of parasitic invasion. Since the appearance of human beings, infectious diseases have followed, and when human beings still exist, infectious diseases will exist. Infectious diseases used to be, and will certainly be, one of the most basic determinants affecting human history. "

　　Since the founding of New China 70 years ago, China has made remarkable achievements in economic, social, scientific and technological fields. Among them, experts and scholars in the fields of infectious diseases and parasitic diseases in China have made outstanding contributions to the prevention and control of infectious diseases and the improvement of people’s health. In 2018, CCTV’s "Go Around China" column produced the documentary "Never Stop Epidemic War", which recorded the wars between medical and health personnel and infectious diseases in China.

　　Here, we invite Professor Wang Guiqiang, the current chairman of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the director of the Infectious Diseases Department of the First Hospital of Peking University, to sort out those things in the field of infectious diseases in China in the past 70 years. Those people … …

　　At the beginning of the founding of New China, infectious diseases such as smallpox, plague, cholera, schistosomiasis and kala-azar were rampant in China, seriously endangering people’s health. The China Municipal Government attaches great importance to the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and has successively issued a series of principles and policies to organize national efforts to prevent and control infectious diseases. In 1980s, with the classical infectious diseases being gradually controlled, the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease became the main work of infectious diseases doctors. From the 1990s to the early 21st century, with the inclusion of hepatitis B vaccination in planned immunization and the popularization of various antiviral treatments, the infectious diseases department began to return to the essence of big infection, and the focus of its work gradually shifted from the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease to the construction of big infection discipline focusing on the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment ability of bacteria and fungi.

　　First, the classic achievements:

　　These achievements are worth remembering.

　　(1) Eradication of smallpox

　　Smallpox is a severe infectious disease caused by smallpox virus, with a mortality rate as high as 25%. As early as the 10th century, China invented human pox vaccination. In 1688, Russia sent doctors to Beijing to study human pox vaccination, and human pox vaccination began to spread all over the world. Human pox vaccination has protected many people’s lives, but the vaccinated people still have a mortality rate of 2%. In 1796, edward Cenna, a British doctor, successfully vaccinated an 8-year-old boy with vaccinia, which ushered in a new era of vaccination against smallpox.

　　From January to August, 1950, there were 44,211 cases of smallpox in China, which were distributed all over the country. In that year, 7,765 people died of smallpox. In order to eliminate smallpox, in October 1950, the Central People’s Government issued the "Instructions on Launching Autumn Vaccination Campaign" issued by Premier Zhou Enlai, and made a decision to promote universal vaccination throughout the country. Subsequently, the Ministry of Health promulgated the "Interim Measures for Vaccination" to promote free vaccination in the whole country.

　　In 1950, the vaccination rate of smallpox in Beijing reached 80%, making it the first city in China to eliminate smallpox. By 1952, more than 500 million people had been vaccinated against vaccinia all over the country. By 1958, the number of smallpox cases in China had dropped sharply to more than 300.

　　In the spring of 1959, six people brought smallpox from Myanmar to Danjia Dazhai, Danjia District, Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province. Subsequently, two people brought smallpox to Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province from abroad. This time, the smallpox epidemic caused 672 people to get sick and 96 people died. This is the last outbreak of smallpox in China. With the recovery of the last case of smallpox in China in 1961, there was no case of smallpox in China.

　　In 1966, WHO decided to launch a global smallpox eradication campaign at the 19th World Health Assembly, and adopted a resolution to eradicate smallpox. On October 26th, 1977, the last smallpox patient in the world, Somali cook Ali Mao Martin, was cured. On May 8, 1980, WHO announced at the 33rd World Health Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya, that smallpox, which had been harmful to human beings for thousands of years, had been eradicated. Since then, the global vaccination has stopped. Smallpox was eliminated in China more than ten years earlier than that in the world.

　　(2) Prevention and control of schistosomiasis

　　Schistosomiasis japonica has a history of more than 2100 years in China, and it is a zoonotic parasitic disease that seriously harms human health and social and economic development. In the early days of the founding of New China, schistosomiasis was prevalent in 370 counties (cities) in 12 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in southern China, with a total of 11.6 million infected people, an area of 14.8 billion square meters of snails and a threatened population of more than 100 million.

　　From the founding of New China to the early 1970s, comprehensive measures were mainly taken in China, including snail control and treatment with antimony potassium tartrate. Although the breeding grounds of snails were significantly reduced and the number of infected people decreased significantly, schistosomiasis was not eliminated, and antimony potassium tartrate had a long course of treatment and was highly toxic to the heart and liver. In the mid-1970s, praziquantel, a highly effective and low toxic therapeutic drug, came out, which greatly improved the prevention and control of schistosomiasis, and greatly reduced the prevalence and morbidity. Since 1990s, the strategy of schistosomiasis control in China has been adjusted to take praziquantel and health education for a large number of people.

　　Prevention and control of schistosomiasis is a long-term project. In 2001, WHO thought that the overall strategy of global schistosomiasis control was to reduce the harm of the disease rather than eliminate it, but it regarded schistosomiasis as a disease that could be partially eliminated. Through the comprehensive prevention and control measures focusing on the control of infectious sources, and the Outline of the National Medium and Long-term Plan for the Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis (2004— The effective implementation of "2015)" has effectively promoted the process of schistosomiasis elimination in China. In 2008, the country reached the standard of schistosomiasis epidemic control, and in 2015, it reached the standard of schistosomiasis transmission control. Since then, the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in China has moved towards transmission blocking and even elimination.

　　After 2016, the endemic areas of schistosomiasis in China will continue to adhere to the working principle of "prevention first, treating both the symptoms and root causes, classified guidance, comprehensive management, joint prevention and control", implement comprehensive prevention and control strategies based on the control of infectious sources according to local conditions, and strive to achieve the 2020 goal set in the 13 th Five-Year National Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control Plan — — By the end of 2020, 96.5% of schistosomiasis endemic counties (cities, districts) in China have reached the standard of transmission interruption or elimination, among which more than 75% of endemic counties (cities, districts) have reached the standard of elimination, and all endemic counties (cities, districts) in China have reached the standard of "Healthy China 2030".

　　(3) Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis

　　Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease with the longest history and the largest number of deaths. Before the invention of anti-tuberculosis drugs such as streptomycin in the 1940s, tuberculosis was almost incurable.

　　As early as 1933, China established the China Tuberculosis Association and opened tuberculosis clinics in some cities. In 1937, the Tuberculosis Branch of Chinese Medical Association was established. In 1949, there were 12 prevention and treatment institutions in China, with more than 600 beds, 29 X-ray machines and 120 medical staff specializing in tuberculosis prevention. At that time, the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in China was as high as 17.5 million/100,000, and the mortality rate was 2 million/100,000.

　　After the founding of New China, the Central Institute of Tuberculosis Prevention and Control and the BCG Promotion Committee were successively established in Beijing. Tuberculosis prevention institutions at all levels have been gradually enriched and developed. By the mid-1960s, the morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai had dropped to the same level as that in Japan. The results of the first national tuberculosis epidemiological sampling survey in 1979 showed that the prevalence rate of active tuberculosis in China was 7.17/100,000, and the prevalence rate of smear-positive tuberculosis was 1.87/100,000, which was significantly lower than that in 1949.

　　Since 1981, the state has formulated and implemented three national ten-year plans for tuberculosis prevention and control. In January 2005, the tuberculosis management information system was launched. In 2011, the General Office of the State Council issued the National Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Plan (2011— 2015). In 2013, the former Ministry of Health issued the Management Measures for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control.

　　In recent years, the rising trend of tuberculosis epidemic in China has been effectively curbed, and the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis has made remarkable achievements. The fifth national tuberculosis epidemiological sampling survey in 2010 showed that the prevalence rate of active tuberculosis in China was 4.59/100,000, of which the prevalence rate of infectious tuberculosis was 66/100,000, which was 64% lower than that in 1979.

　　(D) Hepatitis B vaccination into the national immunization program.

　　China is a high epidemic area of hepatitis B. The second national hepatitis B serological survey in 1992 showed that the positive rate of HBsAg was 9.75%.

　　In the early 1990s, Professor Tian Gengshan and Academician Zhuang Hui made suggestions to the country, emphasizing the importance of hepatitis B vaccination. In 1992, the former Ministry of Health formally brought hepatitis B vaccination into the planned immunization management, and at the same time promulgated the National Hepatitis B Vaccination Implementation Plan. In 2002, hepatitis B vaccine was included in the national immunization plan, and newborns were provided with hepatitis B vaccine free of charge, and newborns were required to be vaccinated within 24 hours after birth.

　　In 2006, in order to evaluate the effect of incorporating hepatitis B vaccine into the national immunization program, the former Ministry of Health organized a national hepatitis B seroepidemiological survey. The results showed that the HBsAg positive rate of children at birth decreased from 9.67% in 1992 to 0.96% in 2005, a decrease of 90%. In May 2012, China achieved the goal of controlling the HBsAg carrying rate of children under 5 years old to below 2% through the verification of WHO Western Pacific Region, and achieved the goal of controlling the HBsAg carrying rate of children under 5 years old to below 1% by 2017 ahead of schedule.

　　In recent years, the vaccination rate of neonatal hepatitis B vaccine in China has remained above 95%, and the infection rate of children has decreased significantly year by year. In 2014, the fourth national hepatitis B serological survey showed that the HBsAg positive rate of children aged 1-4 years in China was 0.3%, which was over 60% lower than that in 2006.

　　(5) Prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease

　　The development of viral hepatitis and liver disease in recent years is inseparable from the dedication of a large number of experts in infectious diseases in China.

　　In 2000, at the National Viral Hepatitis Conference held in Xi ‘an, Professor Si Chongwen, Chairman of the Sixth Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, led the updating of the Viral Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program. In 2005, Professor Weng Xinhua, Chairman of the Seventh Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, and Academician Zhuang Hui, Chairman of Hepatology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, jointly compiled and published the Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.. The publication of these two guidelines has made positive contributions to the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis in China and guided the clinical practice in the whole country. Since then, the guidelines have been updated successively in 2010 and 2015, and the fourth edition of Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis C are currently being updated.

　　1. Hepatitis A

　　Hepatitis A is a worldwide public health problem caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, which is mainly transmitted through fecal-oral route. Its prevalence is closely related to social and economic development, living habits, sanitary conditions and vaccination. In 1988, the world’s largest outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in Shanghai, with more than 300,000 people infected. With the rapid development of China’s economy and the improvement of people’s living conditions, hepatitis A vaccine was included in the national planned immunization in 2007, and most areas in China have changed from high-prevalence areas to medium-or low-prevalence areas.

　　2. Hepatitis B

　　With the introduction of hepatitis B vaccine into the planned immunization in 1992, the incidence of hepatitis B in China dropped sharply. During the three national surveys in 2014, the HBsAg positive rate of people aged 1-29 in China decreased from 10.1% to 2.6%.

　　Half of the world’s liver cancer patients are in China, and more than 80% of them are caused by hepatitis B. Effective prevention and control of hepatitis B can effectively reduce the occurrence of liver cancer, and it is also a successful case of preventing tumors through vaccines.

　　Although hepatitis B has not been completely cured, it is controllable. With the development of new drugs, patients with chronic hepatitis B can effectively control the progress of the disease, block the progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer, and even reverse some decompensated cirrhosis to compensatory cirrhosis and maintain stability.

　　In 2014, the fourth national hepatitis B serological survey showed that the positive rates of HBsAg among people aged 1-4, 5-14 and 15-29 were 0.3%, 0.9% and 4.4% respectively. It can be seen from this data that the incidence of hepatitis B virus infection has been effectively controlled by hepatitis B vaccination in the younger age group. It is believed that with the passage of time, the occurrence of hepatitis B virus infection will eventually be eliminated.

　　3. Hepatitis C

　　Hepatitis C is a chronic disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The disease progresses continuously and can develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer. In recent years, a large number of direct antiviral drugs (DAA) have been put on the market, and hepatitis C has become a curable chronic viral disease, setting a precedent for curing chronic viral diseases through drug treatment intervention. Of course, there are still some problems in its treatment, such as drug accessibility and drug interaction.

　　HCV infection in China is a low epidemic area in the world. The national seroepidemiological survey in 2006 showed that the positive prevalence rate of HCV antibody was 0.43% among people aged 1-59. HCV is mainly transmitted through blood and damaged skin and mucosa. In China, HCV antibody screening for blood donors began in 1993, and HCV RNA screening for blood donors with negative HCV antibody began in 2015. Since then, transmission through blood transfusion and blood products has rarely occurred.

　　Hepatitis C progresses slowly and invisibly, and is often called "silent killer". Patients often lose the best opportunity for treatment as soon as they find cirrhosis or liver cancer. Therefore, people with high risk of HCV infection should take the initiative to go to the hospital for screening.

　　4. Hepatitis D

　　Hepatitis D is an acute and chronic hepatitis disease caused by hepatitis D virus (HDV), which is contagious. HDV is a small RNA virus with gene defect, and its replication and transmission must depend on the existence of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Compared with HBV infection alone, HDV with HBV infection is more serious and can rapidly progress to cirrhosis or even liver cancer. Because its infection depends on HBV, improving the vaccination rate of HBV is an effective measure to prevent HDV infection.

　　5. Hepatitis E

　　Diseases that are "from mouth to mouth" have a relatively high incidence among the elderly. Outbreaks or pandemics often occurred in China before 2000. After 2000, with the improvement of China’s economic level and health facilities, its epidemic was controlled, but attention should be paid to preventing local outbreaks.

　　(6) Prevention and control of epidemic hemorrhagic fever

　　Epidemic hemorrhagic fever, also known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, is caused by a group of viruses belonging to Hantavirus. Rats are the main source of infection and spread in many ways, with fever, hypotensive shock, congestive bleeding and renal damage as the main manifestations. An epidemic broke out in China in 1980s, with an annual incidence of more than 100,000 cases and a mortality rate of over 10%.

　　The Party and the state attach great importance to the prevention and treatment of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Under the leadership of the former Ministry of Health, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of the Chinese Medical Association established the epidemic hemorrhagic fever study group. As Professor Dan Ping served as the team leader, it organized domestic clinical experts to carry out clinical diagnosis and treatment research on hemorrhagic fever. The prevention and treatment plan of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in China was formulated, and a series of effective diagnosis and treatment plans such as preventive treatment were put forward, which greatly reduced the incidence and mortality of hemorrhagic fever.

　　Second, pay tribute to the predecessors:

　　They have made outstanding contributions to the development of infectious diseases in China.

　　After the founding of New China, many predecessors made great contributions to the prevention and treatment of infectious and parasitic diseases in China.

　　(1) Zhong Huilan

　　The first honorary chairman of the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology of Chinese Medical Association. Physicians, tropical pathologists and medical parasitologists devoted their lives to the study of internal diseases, especially tropical diseases, and made pioneering research on the etiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of relapsing fever, typhus, kala-azar, paragonimiasis and leptospirosis. Established the Institute of Tropical Diseases of Beijing Friendship Hospital. The pathogens of epidemic typhus and endemic typhus were separated, and it was confirmed that crabs could also spread typhus. It is suggested that bone marrow puncture instead of spleen puncture and complement fixation test should be used for early diagnosis of kala-azar. We cooperated with Feng Lanzhou to study the vector of kala-azar, and confirmed that the sandfly is the main vector of kala-azar near Beijing. To confirm the role of dogs as storage hosts in transmission. In the study, I was infected by accident, and combined with my experience and observation of other cases, I put forward the clinical types of early manifestations of kala-azar. A series of diagnosis and treatment norms have been formulated to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.

　　(2) Wu Chaoren

　　He used to be the vice president and director of internal medicine of the First Hospital of Peking University (formerly the First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Medical College), and he had high attainments in bacteriology research. In 1955, he founded the Infectious Diseases Department of the First Hospital of Peking University, and established the virus research room, parasitic disease research room and antibiotic research room (predecessor of Peking University Institute of Clinical Pharmacology). After 1963, he mainly conducted clinical antibiotic research, which made contributions to the development of antibiotic clinical research in China. Participate in the editor-in-chief of Infectious Diseases and other works. Together with Professor Zhong Huilan and Professor Cao Zhongliang, they set up the Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Group of the Chinese Medical Association (the predecessor of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association), actively carried out academic exchange activities, and held the first national academic conference on viral hepatitis in Changchun in 1962 and the first national academic conference on infectious diseases in Huangshan in 1963, which made great contributions to the development of infectious diseases.

　　(3) Wang Jiwu

　　The first chairman of the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association, a famous expert in internal medicine and infectious diseases and medical educator, the founder of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Zhejiang University, edited the first infectious diseases masterpiece — — Epidemiology has played an important role in the training of talents and teachers in the field of epidemiology, as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis, viral hepatitis and leptospirosis.

　　(4) Cao Zhongliang

　　As a famous medical educator and infectious disease scientist in China, from controlling cholera epidemic before the founding of New China to eliminating schistosomiasis after the founding of New China, as a leading figure in southwest China, he personally organized diagnosis and treatment on the spot. When there was a leptospirosis epidemic in Sichuan in 1958, he went to the scene to rescue critically ill patients, and then insisted on field research for 30 years. In the field of leptospirosis pulmonary hemorrhage, Huaxi Medical College has established a leading position at home and abroad. Viral hepatitis, especially severe jaundice ascites hepatitis, was also studied in depth.

　　(5) Mao Shoubai

　　Medical parasite expert, one of the pioneers of schistosomiasis research in China. In the fields of schistosomiasis epidemiology, immunodiagnosis, experimental treatment, snail control methods and schistosomiasis biology, it has achieved practical scientific research achievements recognized by peers at home and abroad. In 1984, he won the "Leon Birna" prize in the 37th World Health Assembly, which was the first time that a Chinese scholar won this honor.

　　(6) Dai Ziying

　　The first vice chairman of the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology of Chinese Medical Association. Firstly, the scheme of treating typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever with low dose of chloramphenicol was put forward. Leading the diagnosis, treatment and research of viral hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever, and the pathogenesis and treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Combining clinical medicine, clinical microbiology and clinical pharmacology, he is the founder of clinical antibiotics in China. Editor-in-chief of Clinical Antibiotics and other works. 1971— In 1972, he led the investigation of clinical application of sulfa drugs, penicillin and streptomycin in China. 1978— In 1981, tetracycline antibiotics were re-evaluated, and suggestions to restrict the use of these drugs were put forward and adopted by the health administrative department. He has made outstanding achievements in advocating the rational use of antibiotics in China.

　　(7) Tian Gengshan

　　Chairman of the Second and Third Committees of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. During his tenure as deputy director of the former viral hepatitis expert advisory Committee of the Ministry of Health, he organized domestic experts to make suggestions to the state to carry out hepatitis B vaccination for newborns, which was formally included in the planned immunization management by the Ministry of Health, and played an important role in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B. Organized multi-center clinical trials for many times, creating a precedent for multi-center clinical research in infectious diseases in China. He presided over the formulation of China’s "Virus Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program" twice.

　　(8) Wang Juntao

　　Chairman of the Fourth Session of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. He used to be the vice president of Beijing Second Infectious Disease Hospital (Beijing You ‘an Hospital). Focusing on viral hepatitis, he served as the head of the national key project "Pathogenesis of Chronic Active Hepatitis B and Evaluation of Therapeutic Drugs" during the Sixth Five-Year Plan.

　　(9) Wang Aixia

　　Chairman of the Fifth Session of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. The first case of AIDS patients and the first case of sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in China were found and reported, and anti-HIV drugs were first used to treat HIV infection in China. In 1995, the national standards for AIDS diagnosis and treatment were formulated. He was the first in China to study the trend of nosocomial infection bacteria, took the lead in completing the prospective epidemiological investigation of hepatitis C after blood transfusion, and took the lead in proposing to be alert to cross-infection of hepatitis C caused by blood transfusion. First of all, it advocates that the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology should return to the essence of infectious diseases, and the infectious diseases department should be renamed as infectious diseases department.

　　(10) Si Chongwen

　　Chairman of the Sixth Committee of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, formally applied to rename the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association as Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association during his term of office. During his term of office, he organized experts to revise the Prevention and Treatment Plan of Viral Hepatitis in 2000, which effectively guided clinical practice. The Committee for Young and Middle-aged People was established, and the first national conference for young and middle-aged people with infectious diseases was held. The AIDS group and the artificial liver group were established. Editor-in-chief of the first monograph of Infectious Diseases.

　　(xi) Weng Xinhua

　　The 7th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, during his tenure, Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association was officially renamed as Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association. In-depth clinical practice and research have been carried out on the etiological diagnosis of long-term unexplained fever, bacterial infectious diseases and viral hepatitis, and the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in China has been actively promoted. During his tenure as chairman, he presided over the compilation of China’s Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C..

　　(XII) Li Lanjuan

　　The 8th and 9th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Academician of China Academy of Engineering. Director of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, Director of Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment. Editor-in-chief has published 35 monographs such as Artificial Liver, Infectious Microecology and Infectious Diseases, which are the first textbooks in China. He won one special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award, one national science and technology progress award (innovation team), two first prizes and two second prizes, and was awarded the titles of "National Excellent Scientific and Technological Worker" and "National Outstanding Professional and Technical Talent", the Science and Technology Progress Award of Heliang Heli Fund, Guanghua Engineering Science and Technology Award and Tan Jiazhen Science Award for Clinical Medicine.

　　(13) Hou Jinlin

　　The 10th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association. During his term of office, he actively promoted the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis and promoted international exchanges and cooperation. As the chairman of the Asia-Pacific Liver Disease Research Association, he hosted the largest annual meeting of Asia-Pacific liver diseases, which improved the academic discourse power of viral hepatitis and liver diseases research in China in the international arena. Presided over the "small shell" project to strengthen the standardized management of mother-to-child blocking of hepatitis B.

　　Third, towards the future:

　　The road of "big infection" in infectious diseases

　　(1) Learn to change its name,

　　"Infectious Diseases" has officially entered history.

　　In 2002, in order to conform to the development trend of the discipline, under the initiative of many predecessors in the field of infectious diseases, the Chinese Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology was officially renamed as the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and the website of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association was established, which was the earliest website among the branches of the Chinese Medical Association.

　　At that time, the predecessors of infectious diseases had realized that the infectious diseases discipline in China should change from classical infectious disease prevention and control to viral hepatitis and liver disease diagnosis and treatment, and return to the major infectious diseases discipline. The predecessors saw the development direction of infectious diseases in China in time, and put forward that we should strengthen the capacity building of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. The renaming of the Society points out the direction for the development of infectious diseases.

　　It can be said that the development of infectious diseases in China has entered the third stage, returning to the essence of infectious diseases, that is, the construction of "big infection" discipline with the improvement of the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections.

　　(B) the construction of the "big infection" discipline,

　　Improving the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections is "king"

　　In fact, as early as 1970s and 1980s, Professor Dai Ziying and Professor Xu Zhaoyue of Shanghai Huashan Hospital realized the importance of improving the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. They have published many books on the rational use of antibacterial drugs and done a lot of forward-looking work, which laid a solid foundation for the establishment of the Institute of Antibiotics in Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University. Up to now, the Institute of Antibiotics of Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and the Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Peking University have played an important role in the research and development of antibacterial drugs, clinical trials and related personnel training in China.

　　At present, the global situation of bacterial drug resistance is grim, and all countries in the world attach great importance to the problem of bacterial drug resistance. An expert group in Britain predicts that if the current situation of bacterial drug resistance is not solved, by 2050, the death of patients caused by drug-resistant bacteria infection will return to the first place in the world.

　　China attaches great importance to the prevention and control of bacterial and fungal drug resistance. In 2012, the former Ministry of Health issued the first "Management Measures for Clinical Use of Antibacterials", which clearly stipulated that infectious diseases departments should participate in the management of rational use of antibacterial drugs. However, the status quo that cannot be ignored is that most infectious diseases doctors in China are still mainly engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease, and the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections needs to be improved urgently.

　　In 2016, the National Health and Wellness Commission issued the "Notice on Improving the Diagnosis and Treatment Capability of Bacterial Fungi in General Hospitals above Grade II", emphasizing that general hospitals above Grade II should set up infection departments and establish a diagnosis and treatment system of bacterial fungal infections with infectious diseases as the main body, which provides a clear orientation for the future development of infectious diseases.

　　At the beginning of the 11th Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Chairman Wang Guiqiang clearly put forward the construction plan of infectious diseases discipline, and strengthened the promotion of the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. On the one hand, it is closely related to the national policy orientation; on the other hand, it shows that the infectious diseases academic circles in China have realized that the infectious diseases academic circles should actively participate in the application and management of antibacterial drugs, especially strengthen their own improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, so as to cope with the increasingly severe drug resistance situation of bacterial and fungal infections.

　　(3) Do a good job in the discipline construction of "big infection",

　　Infection department, clinical microbiology and hospital infection control are indispensable.

　　Bacterial and fungal infections are distributed in various clinical departments. In addition to clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, the infectious diseases department also provides strong support for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in the whole hospital. If the ability of infection doctors is weak, the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in the whole hospital will be weak. At present, the state emphasizes the rational use of antibacterial drugs and the control of medical expenses, which will greatly increase the medical expenses, prolong the hospitalization time and increase the mortality rate after the occurrence of concurrent infection, especially drug-resistant bacteria infection. Effective control of infection and effective diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases can significantly improve the operating efficiency of hospitals. Therefore, from the perspective of hospital management, it is very important to do a good job in the construction of infectious diseases.

　　To do a good job in the construction of "big infection" discipline, on the one hand, the infectious disease discipline should strengthen its own ability improvement and talent echelon construction, on the other hand, it is also very important to do a good job in pathogen diagnosis and nosocomial infection management. Therefore, infectious diseases, clinical microbiology and nosocomial infection management should be organically combined to integrate subject resources, strengthen subject cooperation, and form a joint force to jointly do a good job in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

　　In addition, hospital management departments and national health administrative departments should also attach importance to the construction of infectious diseases disciplines and provide corresponding support for the construction of infectious diseases disciplines.

　　Fourth, the outlook

　　At present, although the outbreak of infectious diseases is abnormal, we should always be vigilant and effectively control new and sudden infectious diseases in time. Therefore, on the one hand, the Department of Infectious Diseases undertakes the classical infectious diseases such as public health, prevention and control of classical infectious diseases, and on the other hand, although the incidence of viral hepatitis has been effectively controlled, the existing infected population base is still large, and infectious doctors still undertake a large number of viral hepatitis and liver disease prevention and control work. In addition, infection doctors need to improve the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial fungi and fever of unknown origin, and play a role in the rational use of antibacterial drugs. At the same time, it is hoped that infection doctors will actively participate in the prevention and control of nosocomial infection and the interpretation of clinical microbial results, so as to improve the diagnosis and treatment ability of pathogenic microbial infections in China.

　　Finally, Professor Wang Guiqiang pointed out that the future development direction of infectious diseases discipline has been made clear, and our generation is a connecting link. We hope that through our efforts, the infectious diseases discipline will be built more comprehensively and with stronger capabilities, so as to meet the requirements of the national health strategy and escort the healthy China strategy.

　　Five, subject files:

　　Memorabilia of China Infectious Diseases Department

　　In 1950, the Ministry of Health promulgated the "Interim Measures for Vaccinium Vaccination" to promote free vaccination throughout the country. Beijing promulgated the Interim Measures for the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases.

　　In 1955, the first Measures for the Management of Infectious Diseases was promulgated and implemented by the Ministry of Health. Infectious diseases departments have been set up in university affiliated hospitals all over the country.

　　In 1961, China announced the complete eradication of smallpox virus, 19 years earlier than the World Health Organization announced that smallpox had been eradicated all over the world.

　　In 1978, the Ministry of Health issued the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Acute Infectious Diseases, which stipulated that there were 25 kinds of infectious diseases in two categories.

　　In 1979, after the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the first masterpiece of epidemiology was published.

　　In 1980, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association was formally established. The Ministry of Health issued the Measures for the Implementation of Vaccination.

　　In 1982, the Ministry of Health issued the National Regulations on Planned Immunization, which clarified the vaccines used and unified the immunization procedures for children.

　　In 1985, the first case of AIDS in China was found among tourists coming to China.

　　In 1989, China’s first Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in People’s Republic of China (PRC) was passed and came into force on September 1st.

　　Since January 1, 1992, hepatitis B vaccine immunization has been popularized all over the country, and it has been gradually incorporated into children’s planned immunization.

　　In 2000, the WHO Western Pacific Regional Polio Eradication Confirmation Committee declared China polio-free.

　　In 2002, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association was officially renamed as the Branch of Infectious Diseases of Chinese Medical Association, and a website was established, which was the earliest website among all branches, and the infectious diseases departments of general hospitals were renamed as infectious diseases departments one after another. The Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine was renamed China Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

　　In 2003, a large-scale SARS epidemic broke out in China.

　　In 2004, China launched the largest infectious disease surveillance network in the world. The revised Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases came into force on December 1st.

　　In 2005, the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis C were released, which were updated in 2010 and 2015 respectively, and the fourth edition is currently being revised.

　　In 2008, the Ministry of Health issued the Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (2008 Edition), which included hand, foot and mouth disease in the management of Class C infectious diseases.

　　In 2009, the Ministry of Health issued a public announcement, explicitly including influenza A (H1N1) as a Class B infectious disease under the management of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, and taking measures to prevent and control Class A infectious diseases.

　　In 2012, the Administrative Measures for Clinical Application of Antibacterials was officially promulgated and implemented on August 1st. The vast majority of counties (cities) in China have basically eliminated leprosy (taking counties and cities as units, the prevalence rate is ≤ 0.01‰ , the average annual incidence or detection rate in recent 5 years ≤ 0.5/100,000) standard.

　　In 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission issued the "Notice on Adjusting the Management of Some Legal Infectious Diseases" to include human infection with H7N9 avian influenza as a legal Class B infectious disease; Adjust influenza A (H1N1) from Class B to Class C and bring it into the existing influenza for management; Lift the prevention and control measures for Class A infectious diseases stipulated in the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases for people infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　In 2016, the only EV71 vaccine that can be used to prevent hand, foot and mouth disease was born in China.

　　In 2018, led by Academician Li Lanjuan, director of the State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhejiang University and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, and jointly completed by 11 units including China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the project of "Major Innovation and Technological Breakthrough in the Prevention and Control System of Emerging Infectious Diseases Represented by the Prevention and Control of Human Infections with H7N9 Avian Influenza" won the special prize of the 2017 National Science and Technology Progress Award.