Throughout history, infectious diseases have accompanied the process of human civilization and have had a profound impact on human civilization. It can be said that the history of mankind is the history of fighting infectious diseases. As William McNeill mentioned in his book Plague and Man: "Intelligence, knowledge and organization can’t change people’s vulnerability and helplessness in the face of parasitic invasion. Since the appearance of human beings, infectious diseases have followed, and when human beings still exist, infectious diseases will exist. Infectious diseases used to be, and will certainly be, one of the most basic determinants affecting human history. "

　　Since the founding of New China 70 years ago, China has made remarkable achievements in economic, social, scientific and technological fields. Among them, experts and scholars in the fields of infectious diseases and parasitic diseases in China have made outstanding contributions to the prevention and control of infectious diseases and the improvement of people’s health. In 2018, CCTV’s "Go Around China" column produced the documentary "Never Stop Epidemic War", which recorded the wars between medical and health personnel and infectious diseases in China.

　　Here, we invite Professor Wang Guiqiang, the current chairman of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the director of the Infectious Diseases Department of the First Hospital of Peking University, to sort out those things in the field of infectious diseases in China in the past 70 years. Those people … …

　　At the beginning of the founding of New China, infectious diseases such as smallpox, plague, cholera, schistosomiasis and kala-azar were rampant in China, seriously endangering people’s health. The China Municipal Government attaches great importance to the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and has successively issued a series of principles and policies to organize national efforts to prevent and control infectious diseases. In 1980s, with the classical infectious diseases being gradually controlled, the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease became the main work of infectious diseases doctors. From the 1990s to the early 21st century, with the inclusion of hepatitis B vaccination in planned immunization and the popularization of various antiviral treatments, the infectious diseases department began to return to the essence of big infection, and the focus of its work gradually shifted from the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease to the construction of big infection discipline focusing on the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment ability of bacteria and fungi.

　　First, the classic achievements:

　　These achievements are worth remembering.

　　(1) Eradication of smallpox

　　Smallpox is a severe infectious disease caused by smallpox virus, with a mortality rate as high as 25%. As early as the 10th century, China invented human pox vaccination. In 1688, Russia sent doctors to Beijing to study human pox vaccination, and human pox vaccination began to spread all over the world. Human pox vaccination has protected many people’s lives, but the vaccinated people still have a mortality rate of 2%. In 1796, edward Cenna, a British doctor, successfully vaccinated an 8-year-old boy with vaccinia, which ushered in a new era of vaccination against smallpox.

　　From January to August, 1950, there were 44,211 cases of smallpox in China, which were distributed all over the country. In that year, 7,765 people died of smallpox. In order to eliminate smallpox, in October 1950, the Central People’s Government issued the "Instructions on Launching Autumn Vaccination Campaign" issued by Premier Zhou Enlai, and made a decision to promote universal vaccination throughout the country. Subsequently, the Ministry of Health promulgated the "Interim Measures for Vaccination" to promote free vaccination in the whole country.

　　In 1950, the vaccination rate of smallpox in Beijing reached 80%, making it the first city in China to eliminate smallpox. By 1952, more than 500 million people had been vaccinated against vaccinia all over the country. By 1958, the number of smallpox cases in China had dropped sharply to more than 300.

　　In the spring of 1959, six people brought smallpox from Myanmar to Danjia Dazhai, Danjia District, Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province. Subsequently, two people brought smallpox to Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province from abroad. This time, the smallpox epidemic caused 672 people to get sick and 96 people died. This is the last outbreak of smallpox in China. With the recovery of the last case of smallpox in China in 1961, there was no case of smallpox in China.

　　In 1966, WHO decided to launch a global smallpox eradication campaign at the 19th World Health Assembly, and adopted a resolution to eradicate smallpox. On October 26th, 1977, the last smallpox patient in the world, Somali cook Ali Mao Martin, was cured. On May 8, 1980, WHO announced at the 33rd World Health Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya, that smallpox, which had been harmful to human beings for thousands of years, had been eradicated. Since then, the global vaccination has stopped. Smallpox was eliminated in China more than ten years earlier than that in the world.

　　(2) Prevention and control of schistosomiasis

　　Schistosomiasis japonica has a history of more than 2100 years in China, and it is a zoonotic parasitic disease that seriously harms human health and social and economic development. In the early days of the founding of New China, schistosomiasis was prevalent in 370 counties (cities) in 12 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in southern China, with a total of 11.6 million infected people, an area of 14.8 billion square meters of snails and a threatened population of more than 100 million.

　　From the founding of New China to the early 1970s, comprehensive measures were mainly taken in China, including snail control and treatment with antimony potassium tartrate. Although the breeding grounds of snails were significantly reduced and the number of infected people decreased significantly, schistosomiasis was not eliminated, and antimony potassium tartrate had a long course of treatment and was highly toxic to the heart and liver. In the mid-1970s, praziquantel, a highly effective and low toxic therapeutic drug, came out, which greatly improved the prevention and control of schistosomiasis, and greatly reduced the prevalence and morbidity. Since 1990s, the strategy of schistosomiasis control in China has been adjusted to take praziquantel and health education for a large number of people.

　　Prevention and control of schistosomiasis is a long-term project. In 2001, WHO thought that the overall strategy of global schistosomiasis control was to reduce the harm of the disease rather than eliminate it, but it regarded schistosomiasis as a disease that could be partially eliminated. Through the comprehensive prevention and control measures focusing on the control of infectious sources, and the Outline of the National Medium and Long-term Plan for the Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis (2004— The effective implementation of "2015)" has effectively promoted the process of schistosomiasis elimination in China. In 2008, the country reached the standard of schistosomiasis epidemic control, and in 2015, it reached the standard of schistosomiasis transmission control. Since then, the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in China has moved towards transmission blocking and even elimination.

　　After 2016, the endemic areas of schistosomiasis in China will continue to adhere to the working principle of "prevention first, treating both the symptoms and root causes, classified guidance, comprehensive management, joint prevention and control", implement comprehensive prevention and control strategies based on the control of infectious sources according to local conditions, and strive to achieve the 2020 goal set in the 13 th Five-Year National Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control Plan — — By the end of 2020, 96.5% of schistosomiasis endemic counties (cities, districts) in China have reached the standard of transmission interruption or elimination, among which more than 75% of endemic counties (cities, districts) have reached the standard of elimination, and all endemic counties (cities, districts) in China have reached the standard of "Healthy China 2030".

　　(3) Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis

　　Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease with the longest history and the largest number of deaths. Before the invention of anti-tuberculosis drugs such as streptomycin in the 1940s, tuberculosis was almost incurable.

　　As early as 1933, China established the China Tuberculosis Association and opened tuberculosis clinics in some cities. In 1937, the Tuberculosis Branch of Chinese Medical Association was established. In 1949, there were 12 prevention and treatment institutions in China, with more than 600 beds, 29 X-ray machines and 120 medical staff specializing in tuberculosis prevention. At that time, the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in China was as high as 17.5 million/100,000, and the mortality rate was 2 million/100,000.

　　After the founding of New China, the Central Institute of Tuberculosis Prevention and Control and the BCG Promotion Committee were successively established in Beijing. Tuberculosis prevention institutions at all levels have been gradually enriched and developed. By the mid-1960s, the morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai had dropped to the same level as that in Japan. The results of the first national tuberculosis epidemiological sampling survey in 1979 showed that the prevalence rate of active tuberculosis in China was 7.17/100,000, and the prevalence rate of smear-positive tuberculosis was 1.87/100,000, which was significantly lower than that in 1949.

　　Since 1981, the state has formulated and implemented three national ten-year plans for tuberculosis prevention and control. In January 2005, the tuberculosis management information system was launched. In 2011, the General Office of the State Council issued the National Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Plan (2011— 2015). In 2013, the former Ministry of Health issued the Management Measures for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control.

　　In recent years, the rising trend of tuberculosis epidemic in China has been effectively curbed, and the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis has made remarkable achievements. The fifth national tuberculosis epidemiological sampling survey in 2010 showed that the prevalence rate of active tuberculosis in China was 4.59/100,000, of which the prevalence rate of infectious tuberculosis was 66/100,000, which was 64% lower than that in 1979.

　　(D) Hepatitis B vaccination into the national immunization program.

　　China is a high epidemic area of hepatitis B. The second national hepatitis B serological survey in 1992 showed that the positive rate of HBsAg was 9.75%.

　　In the early 1990s, Professor Tian Gengshan and Academician Zhuang Hui made suggestions to the country, emphasizing the importance of hepatitis B vaccination. In 1992, the former Ministry of Health formally brought hepatitis B vaccination into the planned immunization management, and at the same time promulgated the National Hepatitis B Vaccination Implementation Plan. In 2002, hepatitis B vaccine was included in the national immunization plan, and newborns were provided with hepatitis B vaccine free of charge, and newborns were required to be vaccinated within 24 hours after birth.

　　In 2006, in order to evaluate the effect of incorporating hepatitis B vaccine into the national immunization program, the former Ministry of Health organized a national hepatitis B seroepidemiological survey. The results showed that the HBsAg positive rate of children at birth decreased from 9.67% in 1992 to 0.96% in 2005, a decrease of 90%. In May 2012, China achieved the goal of controlling the HBsAg carrying rate of children under 5 years old to below 2% through the verification of WHO Western Pacific Region, and achieved the goal of controlling the HBsAg carrying rate of children under 5 years old to below 1% by 2017 ahead of schedule.

　　In recent years, the vaccination rate of neonatal hepatitis B vaccine in China has remained above 95%, and the infection rate of children has decreased significantly year by year. In 2014, the fourth national hepatitis B serological survey showed that the HBsAg positive rate of children aged 1-4 years in China was 0.3%, which was over 60% lower than that in 2006.

　　(5) Prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease

　　The development of viral hepatitis and liver disease in recent years is inseparable from the dedication of a large number of experts in infectious diseases in China.

　　In 2000, at the National Viral Hepatitis Conference held in Xi ‘an, Professor Si Chongwen, Chairman of the Sixth Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, led the updating of the Viral Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program. In 2005, Professor Weng Xinhua, Chairman of the Seventh Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, and Academician Zhuang Hui, Chairman of Hepatology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, jointly compiled and published the Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.. The publication of these two guidelines has made positive contributions to the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis in China and guided the clinical practice in the whole country. Since then, the guidelines have been updated successively in 2010 and 2015, and the fourth edition of Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis C are currently being updated.

　　1. Hepatitis A

　　Hepatitis A is a worldwide public health problem caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, which is mainly transmitted through fecal-oral route. Its prevalence is closely related to social and economic development, living habits, sanitary conditions and vaccination. In 1988, the world’s largest outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in Shanghai, with more than 300,000 people infected. With the rapid development of China’s economy and the improvement of people’s living conditions, hepatitis A vaccine was included in the national planned immunization in 2007, and most areas in China have changed from high-prevalence areas to medium-or low-prevalence areas.

　　2. Hepatitis B

　　With the introduction of hepatitis B vaccine into the planned immunization in 1992, the incidence of hepatitis B in China dropped sharply. During the three national surveys in 2014, the HBsAg positive rate of people aged 1-29 in China decreased from 10.1% to 2.6%.

　　Half of the world’s liver cancer patients are in China, and more than 80% of them are caused by hepatitis B. Effective prevention and control of hepatitis B can effectively reduce the occurrence of liver cancer, and it is also a successful case of preventing tumors through vaccines.

　　Although hepatitis B has not been completely cured, it is controllable. With the development of new drugs, patients with chronic hepatitis B can effectively control the progress of the disease, block the progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer, and even reverse some decompensated cirrhosis to compensatory cirrhosis and maintain stability.

　　In 2014, the fourth national hepatitis B serological survey showed that the positive rates of HBsAg among people aged 1-4, 5-14 and 15-29 were 0.3%, 0.9% and 4.4% respectively. It can be seen from this data that the incidence of hepatitis B virus infection has been effectively controlled by hepatitis B vaccination in the younger age group. It is believed that with the passage of time, the occurrence of hepatitis B virus infection will eventually be eliminated.

　　3. Hepatitis C

　　Hepatitis C is a chronic disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The disease progresses continuously and can develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer. In recent years, a large number of direct antiviral drugs (DAA) have been put on the market, and hepatitis C has become a curable chronic viral disease, setting a precedent for curing chronic viral diseases through drug treatment intervention. Of course, there are still some problems in its treatment, such as drug accessibility and drug interaction.

　　HCV infection in China is a low epidemic area in the world. The national seroepidemiological survey in 2006 showed that the positive prevalence rate of HCV antibody was 0.43% among people aged 1-59. HCV is mainly transmitted through blood and damaged skin and mucosa. In China, HCV antibody screening for blood donors began in 1993, and HCV RNA screening for blood donors with negative HCV antibody began in 2015. Since then, transmission through blood transfusion and blood products has rarely occurred.

　　Hepatitis C progresses slowly and invisibly, and is often called "silent killer". Patients often lose the best opportunity for treatment as soon as they find cirrhosis or liver cancer. Therefore, people with high risk of HCV infection should take the initiative to go to the hospital for screening.

　　4. Hepatitis D

　　Hepatitis D is an acute and chronic hepatitis disease caused by hepatitis D virus (HDV), which is contagious. HDV is a small RNA virus with gene defect, and its replication and transmission must depend on the existence of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Compared with HBV infection alone, HDV with HBV infection is more serious and can rapidly progress to cirrhosis or even liver cancer. Because its infection depends on HBV, improving the vaccination rate of HBV is an effective measure to prevent HDV infection.

　　5. Hepatitis E

　　Diseases that are "from mouth to mouth" have a relatively high incidence among the elderly. Outbreaks or pandemics often occurred in China before 2000. After 2000, with the improvement of China’s economic level and health facilities, its epidemic was controlled, but attention should be paid to preventing local outbreaks.

　　(6) Prevention and control of epidemic hemorrhagic fever

　　Epidemic hemorrhagic fever, also known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, is caused by a group of viruses belonging to Hantavirus. Rats are the main source of infection and spread in many ways, with fever, hypotensive shock, congestive bleeding and renal damage as the main manifestations. An epidemic broke out in China in 1980s, with an annual incidence of more than 100,000 cases and a mortality rate of over 10%.

　　The Party and the state attach great importance to the prevention and treatment of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Under the leadership of the former Ministry of Health, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of the Chinese Medical Association established the epidemic hemorrhagic fever study group. As Professor Dan Ping served as the team leader, it organized domestic clinical experts to carry out clinical diagnosis and treatment research on hemorrhagic fever. The prevention and treatment plan of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in China was formulated, and a series of effective diagnosis and treatment plans such as preventive treatment were put forward, which greatly reduced the incidence and mortality of hemorrhagic fever.

　　Second, pay tribute to the predecessors:

　　They have made outstanding contributions to the development of infectious diseases in China.

　　After the founding of New China, many predecessors made great contributions to the prevention and treatment of infectious and parasitic diseases in China.

　　(1) Zhong Huilan

　　The first honorary chairman of the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology of Chinese Medical Association. Physicians, tropical pathologists and medical parasitologists devoted their lives to the study of internal diseases, especially tropical diseases, and made pioneering research on the etiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of relapsing fever, typhus, kala-azar, paragonimiasis and leptospirosis. Established the Institute of Tropical Diseases of Beijing Friendship Hospital. The pathogens of epidemic typhus and endemic typhus were separated, and it was confirmed that crabs could also spread typhus. It is suggested that bone marrow puncture instead of spleen puncture and complement fixation test should be used for early diagnosis of kala-azar. We cooperated with Feng Lanzhou to study the vector of kala-azar, and confirmed that the sandfly is the main vector of kala-azar near Beijing. To confirm the role of dogs as storage hosts in transmission. In the study, I was infected by accident, and combined with my experience and observation of other cases, I put forward the clinical types of early manifestations of kala-azar. A series of diagnosis and treatment norms have been formulated to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.

　　(2) Wu Chaoren

　　He used to be the vice president and director of internal medicine of the First Hospital of Peking University (formerly the First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Medical College), and he had high attainments in bacteriology research. In 1955, he founded the Infectious Diseases Department of the First Hospital of Peking University, and established the virus research room, parasitic disease research room and antibiotic research room (predecessor of Peking University Institute of Clinical Pharmacology). After 1963, he mainly conducted clinical antibiotic research, which made contributions to the development of antibiotic clinical research in China. Participate in the editor-in-chief of Infectious Diseases and other works. Together with Professor Zhong Huilan and Professor Cao Zhongliang, they set up the Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Group of the Chinese Medical Association (the predecessor of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association), actively carried out academic exchange activities, and held the first national academic conference on viral hepatitis in Changchun in 1962 and the first national academic conference on infectious diseases in Huangshan in 1963, which made great contributions to the development of infectious diseases.

　　(3) Wang Jiwu

　　The first chairman of the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association, a famous expert in internal medicine and infectious diseases and medical educator, the founder of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Zhejiang University, edited the first infectious diseases masterpiece — — Epidemiology has played an important role in the training of talents and teachers in the field of epidemiology, as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis, viral hepatitis and leptospirosis.

　　(4) Cao Zhongliang

　　As a famous medical educator and infectious disease scientist in China, from controlling cholera epidemic before the founding of New China to eliminating schistosomiasis after the founding of New China, as a leading figure in southwest China, he personally organized diagnosis and treatment on the spot. When there was a leptospirosis epidemic in Sichuan in 1958, he went to the scene to rescue critically ill patients, and then insisted on field research for 30 years. In the field of leptospirosis pulmonary hemorrhage, Huaxi Medical College has established a leading position at home and abroad. Viral hepatitis, especially severe jaundice ascites hepatitis, was also studied in depth.

　　(5) Mao Shoubai

　　Medical parasite expert, one of the pioneers of schistosomiasis research in China. In the fields of schistosomiasis epidemiology, immunodiagnosis, experimental treatment, snail control methods and schistosomiasis biology, it has achieved practical scientific research achievements recognized by peers at home and abroad. In 1984, he won the "Leon Birna" prize in the 37th World Health Assembly, which was the first time that a Chinese scholar won this honor.

　　(6) Dai Ziying

　　The first vice chairman of the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology of Chinese Medical Association. Firstly, the scheme of treating typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever with low dose of chloramphenicol was put forward. Leading the diagnosis, treatment and research of viral hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever, and the pathogenesis and treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Combining clinical medicine, clinical microbiology and clinical pharmacology, he is the founder of clinical antibiotics in China. Editor-in-chief of Clinical Antibiotics and other works. 1971— In 1972, he led the investigation of clinical application of sulfa drugs, penicillin and streptomycin in China. 1978— In 1981, tetracycline antibiotics were re-evaluated, and suggestions to restrict the use of these drugs were put forward and adopted by the health administrative department. He has made outstanding achievements in advocating the rational use of antibiotics in China.

　　(7) Tian Gengshan

　　Chairman of the Second and Third Committees of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. During his tenure as deputy director of the former viral hepatitis expert advisory Committee of the Ministry of Health, he organized domestic experts to make suggestions to the state to carry out hepatitis B vaccination for newborns, which was formally included in the planned immunization management by the Ministry of Health, and played an important role in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B. Organized multi-center clinical trials for many times, creating a precedent for multi-center clinical research in infectious diseases in China. He presided over the formulation of China’s "Virus Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program" twice.

　　(8) Wang Juntao

　　Chairman of the Fourth Session of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. He used to be the vice president of Beijing Second Infectious Disease Hospital (Beijing You ‘an Hospital). Focusing on viral hepatitis, he served as the head of the national key project "Pathogenesis of Chronic Active Hepatitis B and Evaluation of Therapeutic Drugs" during the Sixth Five-Year Plan.

　　(9) Wang Aixia

　　Chairman of the Fifth Session of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. The first case of AIDS patients and the first case of sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in China were found and reported, and anti-HIV drugs were first used to treat HIV infection in China. In 1995, the national standards for AIDS diagnosis and treatment were formulated. He was the first in China to study the trend of nosocomial infection bacteria, took the lead in completing the prospective epidemiological investigation of hepatitis C after blood transfusion, and took the lead in proposing to be alert to cross-infection of hepatitis C caused by blood transfusion. First of all, it advocates that the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology should return to the essence of infectious diseases, and the infectious diseases department should be renamed as infectious diseases department.

　　(10) Si Chongwen

　　Chairman of the Sixth Committee of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, formally applied to rename the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association as Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association during his term of office. During his term of office, he organized experts to revise the Prevention and Treatment Plan of Viral Hepatitis in 2000, which effectively guided clinical practice. The Committee for Young and Middle-aged People was established, and the first national conference for young and middle-aged people with infectious diseases was held. The AIDS group and the artificial liver group were established. Editor-in-chief of the first monograph of Infectious Diseases.

　　(xi) Weng Xinhua

　　The 7th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, during his tenure, Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association was officially renamed as Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association. In-depth clinical practice and research have been carried out on the etiological diagnosis of long-term unexplained fever, bacterial infectious diseases and viral hepatitis, and the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in China has been actively promoted. During his tenure as chairman, he presided over the compilation of China’s Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C..

　　(XII) Li Lanjuan

　　The 8th and 9th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Academician of China Academy of Engineering. Director of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, Director of Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment. Editor-in-chief has published 35 monographs such as Artificial Liver, Infectious Microecology and Infectious Diseases, which are the first textbooks in China. He won one special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award, one national science and technology progress award (innovation team), two first prizes and two second prizes, and was awarded the titles of "National Excellent Scientific and Technological Worker" and "National Outstanding Professional and Technical Talent", the Science and Technology Progress Award of Heliang Heli Fund, Guanghua Engineering Science and Technology Award and Tan Jiazhen Science Award for Clinical Medicine.

　　(13) Hou Jinlin

　　The 10th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association. During his term of office, he actively promoted the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis and promoted international exchanges and cooperation. As the chairman of the Asia-Pacific Liver Disease Research Association, he hosted the largest annual meeting of Asia-Pacific liver diseases, which improved the academic discourse power of viral hepatitis and liver diseases research in China in the international arena. Presided over the "small shell" project to strengthen the standardized management of mother-to-child blocking of hepatitis B.

　　Third, towards the future:

　　The road of "big infection" in infectious diseases

　　(1) Learn to change its name,

　　"Infectious Diseases" has officially entered history.

　　In 2002, in order to conform to the development trend of the discipline, under the initiative of many predecessors in the field of infectious diseases, the Chinese Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology was officially renamed as the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and the website of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association was established, which was the earliest website among the branches of the Chinese Medical Association.

　　At that time, the predecessors of infectious diseases had realized that the infectious diseases discipline in China should change from classical infectious disease prevention and control to viral hepatitis and liver disease diagnosis and treatment, and return to the major infectious diseases discipline. The predecessors saw the development direction of infectious diseases in China in time, and put forward that we should strengthen the capacity building of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. The renaming of the Society points out the direction for the development of infectious diseases.

　　It can be said that the development of infectious diseases in China has entered the third stage, returning to the essence of infectious diseases, that is, the construction of "big infection" discipline with the improvement of the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections.

　　(B) the construction of the "big infection" discipline,

　　Improving the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections is "king"

　　In fact, as early as 1970s and 1980s, Professor Dai Ziying and Professor Xu Zhaoyue of Shanghai Huashan Hospital realized the importance of improving the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. They have published many books on the rational use of antibacterial drugs and done a lot of forward-looking work, which laid a solid foundation for the establishment of the Institute of Antibiotics in Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University. Up to now, the Institute of Antibiotics of Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and the Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Peking University have played an important role in the research and development of antibacterial drugs, clinical trials and related personnel training in China.

　　At present, the global situation of bacterial drug resistance is grim, and all countries in the world attach great importance to the problem of bacterial drug resistance. An expert group in Britain predicts that if the current situation of bacterial drug resistance is not solved, by 2050, the death of patients caused by drug-resistant bacteria infection will return to the first place in the world.

　　China attaches great importance to the prevention and control of bacterial and fungal drug resistance. In 2012, the former Ministry of Health issued the first "Management Measures for Clinical Use of Antibacterials", which clearly stipulated that infectious diseases departments should participate in the management of rational use of antibacterial drugs. However, the status quo that cannot be ignored is that most infectious diseases doctors in China are still mainly engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease, and the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections needs to be improved urgently.

　　In 2016, the National Health and Wellness Commission issued the "Notice on Improving the Diagnosis and Treatment Capability of Bacterial Fungi in General Hospitals above Grade II", emphasizing that general hospitals above Grade II should set up infection departments and establish a diagnosis and treatment system of bacterial fungal infections with infectious diseases as the main body, which provides a clear orientation for the future development of infectious diseases.

　　At the beginning of the 11th Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Chairman Wang Guiqiang clearly put forward the construction plan of infectious diseases discipline, and strengthened the promotion of the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. On the one hand, it is closely related to the national policy orientation; on the other hand, it shows that the infectious diseases academic circles in China have realized that the infectious diseases academic circles should actively participate in the application and management of antibacterial drugs, especially strengthen their own improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, so as to cope with the increasingly severe drug resistance situation of bacterial and fungal infections.

　　(3) Do a good job in the discipline construction of "big infection",

　　Infection department, clinical microbiology and hospital infection control are indispensable.

　　Bacterial and fungal infections are distributed in various clinical departments. In addition to clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, the infectious diseases department also provides strong support for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in the whole hospital. If the ability of infection doctors is weak, the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in the whole hospital will be weak. At present, the state emphasizes the rational use of antibacterial drugs and the control of medical expenses, which will greatly increase the medical expenses, prolong the hospitalization time and increase the mortality rate after the occurrence of concurrent infection, especially drug-resistant bacteria infection. Effective control of infection and effective diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases can significantly improve the operating efficiency of hospitals. Therefore, from the perspective of hospital management, it is very important to do a good job in the construction of infectious diseases.

　　To do a good job in the construction of "big infection" discipline, on the one hand, the infectious disease discipline should strengthen its own ability improvement and talent echelon construction, on the other hand, it is also very important to do a good job in pathogen diagnosis and nosocomial infection management. Therefore, infectious diseases, clinical microbiology and nosocomial infection management should be organically combined to integrate subject resources, strengthen subject cooperation, and form a joint force to jointly do a good job in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

　　In addition, hospital management departments and national health administrative departments should also attach importance to the construction of infectious diseases disciplines and provide corresponding support for the construction of infectious diseases disciplines.

　　Fourth, the outlook

　　At present, although the outbreak of infectious diseases is abnormal, we should always be vigilant and effectively control new and sudden infectious diseases in time. Therefore, on the one hand, the Department of Infectious Diseases undertakes the classical infectious diseases such as public health, prevention and control of classical infectious diseases, and on the other hand, although the incidence of viral hepatitis has been effectively controlled, the existing infected population base is still large, and infectious doctors still undertake a large number of viral hepatitis and liver disease prevention and control work. In addition, infection doctors need to improve the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial fungi and fever of unknown origin, and play a role in the rational use of antibacterial drugs. At the same time, it is hoped that infection doctors will actively participate in the prevention and control of nosocomial infection and the interpretation of clinical microbial results, so as to improve the diagnosis and treatment ability of pathogenic microbial infections in China.

　　Finally, Professor Wang Guiqiang pointed out that the future development direction of infectious diseases discipline has been made clear, and our generation is a connecting link. We hope that through our efforts, the infectious diseases discipline will be built more comprehensively and with stronger capabilities, so as to meet the requirements of the national health strategy and escort the healthy China strategy.

　　Five, subject files:

　　Memorabilia of China Infectious Diseases Department

　　In 1950, the Ministry of Health promulgated the "Interim Measures for Vaccinium Vaccination" to promote free vaccination throughout the country. Beijing promulgated the Interim Measures for the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases.

　　In 1955, the first Measures for the Management of Infectious Diseases was promulgated and implemented by the Ministry of Health. Infectious diseases departments have been set up in university affiliated hospitals all over the country.

　　In 1961, China announced the complete eradication of smallpox virus, 19 years earlier than the World Health Organization announced that smallpox had been eradicated all over the world.

　　In 1978, the Ministry of Health issued the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Acute Infectious Diseases, which stipulated that there were 25 kinds of infectious diseases in two categories.

　　In 1979, after the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the first masterpiece of epidemiology was published.

　　In 1980, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association was formally established. The Ministry of Health issued the Measures for the Implementation of Vaccination.

　　In 1982, the Ministry of Health issued the National Regulations on Planned Immunization, which clarified the vaccines used and unified the immunization procedures for children.

　　In 1985, the first case of AIDS in China was found among tourists coming to China.

　　In 1989, China’s first Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in People’s Republic of China (PRC) was passed and came into force on September 1st.

　　Since January 1, 1992, hepatitis B vaccine immunization has been popularized all over the country, and it has been gradually incorporated into children’s planned immunization.

　　In 2000, the WHO Western Pacific Regional Polio Eradication Confirmation Committee declared China polio-free.

　　In 2002, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association was officially renamed as the Branch of Infectious Diseases of Chinese Medical Association, and a website was established, which was the earliest website among all branches, and the infectious diseases departments of general hospitals were renamed as infectious diseases departments one after another. The Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine was renamed China Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

　　In 2003, a large-scale SARS epidemic broke out in China.

　　In 2004, China launched the largest infectious disease surveillance network in the world. The revised Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases came into force on December 1st.

　　In 2005, the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis C were released, which were updated in 2010 and 2015 respectively, and the fourth edition is currently being revised.

　　In 2008, the Ministry of Health issued the Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (2008 Edition), which included hand, foot and mouth disease in the management of Class C infectious diseases.

　　In 2009, the Ministry of Health issued a public announcement, explicitly including influenza A (H1N1) as a Class B infectious disease under the management of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, and taking measures to prevent and control Class A infectious diseases.

　　In 2012, the Administrative Measures for Clinical Application of Antibacterials was officially promulgated and implemented on August 1st. The vast majority of counties (cities) in China have basically eliminated leprosy (taking counties and cities as units, the prevalence rate is ≤ 0.01‰ , the average annual incidence or detection rate in recent 5 years ≤ 0.5/100,000) standard.

　　In 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission issued the "Notice on Adjusting the Management of Some Legal Infectious Diseases" to include human infection with H7N9 avian influenza as a legal Class B infectious disease; Adjust influenza A (H1N1) from Class B to Class C and bring it into the existing influenza for management; Lift the prevention and control measures for Class A infectious diseases stipulated in the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases for people infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　In 2016, the only EV71 vaccine that can be used to prevent hand, foot and mouth disease was born in China.

　　In 2018, led by Academician Li Lanjuan, director of the State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhejiang University and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, and jointly completed by 11 units including China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the project of "Major Innovation and Technological Breakthrough in the Prevention and Control System of Emerging Infectious Diseases Represented by the Prevention and Control of Human Infections with H7N9 Avian Influenza" won the special prize of the 2017 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

　　What was the most appetizing movie in China in 2002? The answer is definitely Zhang Yimou’s martial arts giant "Hero", which is believed to be known by everyone on earth. Because since last year’s "Hero" started shooting, the media all over the country have never stopped. Every time Zhang Yimou walks with his crew, there are reporters chasing him. Although all kinds of tricks have been exhausted, I still can’t get any information from the hero. The reporters’ interviews have become meaningless idolize, and even I can only report to the readers that I saw Maggie Cheung or Zhang Ziyi coming out of which elevator. Can’t help it, who let it be Zhang Yimou’s work? Such a big gold-lettered signboard is hanging there, can it be done without chasing it? Except for the symbolic premiere of Hero in Shenzhen for catching the last bus of the Oscar, those who had their ID cards checked were lucky enough to watch the complete film, and everyone, including the manager of the cinema company and the media, only saw the promo for 2 minutes and 30 seconds at most.

　　Hero, like a thief-proof version, is well-intentioned, but its arrogance is here. When it comes to Hero, I’m sure I know the plot vaguely, but the names of the protagonists, such as Nameless, Flying Snow and Broken Sword, have long been known by heart. What kind of emotional entanglements did Zhang Ziyi have with Tony Leung Chiu Wai and Maggie Cheung in the play? Is Jet Li’s namelessness a true chivalrous man like Zhang Yimou’s? When "Hero" premiered in three cities by charter flight, when the VCD copyright of "Hero" sold for a sky-high price of 17.8 million, and so on, which proved that "Hero" was not overwhelming with news, what we wanted most was to sit in the cinema one day earlier and watch "Hero" in a down-to-earth way. I also wish Zhang Yimou good luck at the Oscars.

Editor: Li Erqing

Recently, news came from the Korean entertainment circle. Song Joong Ki, a famous actor, has officially announced that Mr. and Mrs. Song Joong Ki are welcoming their second child.

The news quickly triggered widespread discussion and attention on social media. Many netizens expressed their views on this, and some people ridiculed the amazing speed of their family planning.

Looking back on Song Joong Ki’s personal life history, he married his colleague Song Hye Kyo in 2017. Unfortunately, the marriage ended after only one year and eight months. In June last year, Song Joong Ki got married for the second time and welcomed her first child at the beginning of the year. Now, the news of another newborn baby makes people sigh how quickly the couple’s lives have changed.

When he became a father, Song Joong Ki’s image changed obviously. The public often sees him and his wife go out shopping and take care of the children, showing a warm and affectionate look different from the past. This change seems to show that the new members of the family have had a far-reaching impact on his lifestyle. For the new stage of Song Joong Ki’s life, the public’s eyes also turned to his ex-wife Song Hye Kyo. Some netizens speculated that the divorce between Song Joong Ki and Song Hye Kyo may be related to their differences on whether to have children. Considering that Song Hye Kyo is four years older than Song Joong Ki, and shows greater ambition in his career, such speculation has aroused a certain resonance among the public.

In today’s society, giving birth to a child is a great choice full of challenges and pressures for individuals. Marriage and childbearing are essentially private decisions, which should be made by the parties according to their own circumstances and wishes. The diversity of life paths means that personal choices should not be influenced or imposed by external expectations. A happy and harmonious marriage cannot be measured only by whether there are children, but by the joint efforts and management of partners. It is a misunderstanding of the nature of marriage to regard childbirth as the guarantee of a happy marriage.

With the progress of society, the pressure of society on marriage and childbirth is gradually increasing, which reflects the disrespect for individual’s free choice. Modern society advocates pluralistic values and tolerant mentality, and believes that everyone has the right to live according to his own wishes without unreasonable interference from the outside world. Excessive interference in other people’s lives will only cause resentment and anxiety. For parents, it is a valuable experience to grow up happily with their children and learn how to love and tolerate. However, we should also realize that choosing not to have children does not mean that life is incomplete. True love is mutual appreciation and support, not the existence of blood relationship.

Song Joong Ki’s decision to form a new family is the embodiment of individual freedom and the choice of respecting the principle of individual autonomy. Song Hye Kyo’s single status doesn’t mean that her life lacks value or happiness. In fact, her choice should be respected and blessed.

When paying attention to the private lives of public figures, we should perhaps reflect more on our expectations and goals. It is very important for everyone to know what kind of life they are pursuing and how to achieve these goals. The road of life is very different, and it is these differences that constitute the diversity and richness of the world. As long as we stick to ourselves and go our own way bravely, our life will be full of infinite possibilities and hopes.

Editor in charge:

[Truck House Original]All along, the replacement and maintenance are mainly based on the form mileage and service time. With the change of bad environment, the filter element may be dirty in advance, so how can we judge whether the filter element needs to be replaced? In fact, we can also judge the condition of the filter element through the air filter blockage indicator.

● 　Air filter sensor lights alarm lamp to remind maintenance in time.

At present, many cars are equipped with air filter clogging sensors, which will light up the alarm lights on the dashboard in time to remind drivers to replace air filters in time.

For example, the switch is mainly composed of diaphragm, trigger bar, indicator light connector and so on, and its structure is very simple. It also greatly facilitates the maintenance of the air filter. But such a simple sensor is not equipped in many cars.

● 　Independent installation of air filter clogging indicator has great effect.

Of course, in addition to the sensor, there is also an independently installed filter plug indicator, whose working principle is to indicate the filter plug degree by using the negative pressure change in the air cleaner. When dust blocks most of the holes of the filter element and the filtering resistance of the filter element increases to a certain extent, the indicator will appear red.

Because some models do not have filter elements themselvesblock upIndicator, in order to facilitate vehicle maintenance, this filter is added to Jiefang J6 of forum card friend "The End of the Sea".block upIndicator.

Because at present, different filter elementsblock upThe indicator models are different, and its measuring range is also different. Relevant standards stipulate that the maximum air intake resistance of air filtration is 6-6.25kPa, that is to say, when the air intake resistance exceeds this value, air filtrationblock upThe indicator should display a red logo, so it is necessary to pay attention to whether the measurement range of the air filter clogging indicator is correct when purchasing.

● 　filter cartridgeblock upSensor installation position between filter element and intake pipe

filter cartridgeblock upThe indicator is installed between the air cleaner and the intake pipe. take for example
A filter element pollution indicator is installed behind the cab and connected to the air intake duct through a hose.

● 　filter cartridgeblock upThe use of indicator observation window maintenance needs to be adjusted.

When the filter elementblock upWhen the window on the indicator shows a red sign, it indicates that the paper filter element has been blocked by dust and dirt, and the air filter needs to be cleaned or replaced at this time. After replacing the air filter element, you need to press the button and readjust it.block upIndicator, make the filter elementblock upThe indicator window displays a sign indicating that the air filter element is working normally.

● 　filter cartridgeblock upThe two methods of indicator performance check are simple.

Check the filter elementblock upPerformance method of indicator: Remove filter element.block upIndicator, and then suck it with your mouth. If the red sign appears immediately, it means it works normally. Or put the filter elementblock upThe air inlet of the indicator is blocked, so that it can run at a medium speed. If a red sign appears, it means its performance is good.

● 　Conclusion:

Although the structure of the filter plug indicator is also very simple, if the vehicle is equipped with this indicator, it will undoubtedly be very convenient for users to maintain the air filter of the vehicle, but unfortunately, many cars are not equipped with this indicator. Of course, if you are interested, you can also buy and install it yourself. (Text/Figure Yang Jianwei)

● 　Related reading:

The basics of trucks are introduced about the air intake system.

http://www.360che.com/tech/140416/30652.html

Air pre-filter for engine protection in dust environment

http://www.360che.com/tech/140307/29996.html

Smoke billowed from the Israeli air raid on Gaza.

Israeli air strikes on Gaza have angered people in Arab countries.

　　BEIJING, Dec. 29 (Xinhua)-According to comprehensive reports, Israel has carried out continuous air strikes against the Gaza. Up to now, the attacks have killed 298 people and injured more than 950 people, including both Hamas militants and ordinary Palestinians. It is reported that this is the deadliest conflict in Gaza since the Middle East War in 1967.

　　The Israeli side hinted that it did not rule out escalating the operation and launching a ground attack, and it has begun to increase its troops; Palestinian militant group Hamas has called for suicide attacks. Hamas stepped up its long-range rocket launcher to fight back, reaching 30 kilometers deep into Israel, with the longest range ever.

　　Israel launched several air raids on Gaza in the past two days in retaliation for the Palestinian attacks in recent days, while Hamas repeatedly fired rockets and mortars in response, claiming that it had fired two long-range "hail-type" rockets at Ashdod, a southern Israeli city 30 kilometers from Gaza. Another rocket was fired at Javne, a small town 30 kilometers away from Gaza, which was the longest range of Hamas’s attack.

　　The attack took place on the Jewish Sabbath, which was unexpected. On the other hand, analysts and the media have long expected that Israeli military actions against the Gaza Strip will be inevitable before the Israeli parliamentary elections in February next year.

　　Israel: carefully planned air strikes, army ready to attack

　　From the deep-seated reasons, the attack on the Gaza Strip was the result of the struggle between Israeli political forces before the election. Although they know that there are risks in using force, they still judge that attacking is a more favorable choice for themselves. From the standpoint of the ruling party, this is forced by the election situation. As the air strikes launched by Israel on the Gaza Strip entered the second day, the Israeli Cabinet passed a decision on the 28th to call some reservists.

　　Israeli Foreign Minister Livni said that the operation has been "very successful" so far. She said that Israel is determined to change the reality in Gaza, so that the Israeli public can get rid of the Palestinian rocket attack for four years forever.

　　Israeli local media reported that the Israeli air raid had destroyed 230 targets in the Gaza, and 170 targets were destroyed in the first day. In fact, after a year of intelligence collection and careful deployment, it showed that the use of force was by no means an "improvisation". At present, the Israeli army is mobilizing tanks and ground troops to assemble near Gaza, ready to attack at any time.

　　Cabinet Minister Yitzhak herzog said: "We may not want to conquer Gaza, but of course we are considering all options."

　　Hamas: Resolutely will not surrender and plan to launch a "jihad."

　　Hamas said it would never surrender with a white flag, and warned that it would pay a heavy price if the Israelis invaded Gaza. "All options are on the table, including rocket attacks and suicide bombings," Hamas spokesman Fawaz Bahome said.

　　According to Iranian media reports, Hamas’s foreign propaganda officials even said that "the only way to fight back against Israeli crimes is to launch jihad and uprising". It is reported that Hamas’s strength has not been hit hard by air strikes.

　　The Israeli police have completely cancelled their vacation and issued a high-level terrorist attack alert on the territory to prevent Hamas from retaliating. According to the information held by the Israeli security department, after the Israeli military attacked Gaza, at least 10 terrorist attacks were reported.

　　On June 16th, local time, elon musk, the world’s richest man, and his subsidiary Tesla and SpaceX, a space exploration technology company, were sued by an American dogecoin investor, demanding compensation of US$ 258 billion (about RMB 1.7 trillion). The prosecutor claimed that he was deceived by the "cryptocurrency pyramid scam", and Musk and his company were the participants and supporters of the "scam".

　　▲ elon musk

　　According to reports, the dogecoin investor named Keith Johnson filed a lawsuit in Manhattan Federal Court on 16th. He said that Musk and the two companies directly "manipulated" the price of dogecoin, deliberately "touted" dogecoin on Twitter and raised the price, but now they have been plummeting.

　　"The defendant (Musk and his company) falsely and fraudulently claimed that dogecoin is a legitimate investment, but it has no value at all." Johnson said in the lawsuit. "The defendant realized that dogecoin has no value since 2019, but continued to promote dogecoin to profit from it. Musk used his position as the richest man in the world to manipulate dogecoin ‘ Pyramid scam ’ For profit, exposure and entertainment. "

　　Johnson said that he hoped to prevent Musk and the company from promoting dogecoin through legal channels, and urged the court to declare that the dogecoin transaction was actually a form of gambling according to federal and new york laws. At present, Musk has not responded to the prosecution, and the legal advisers of Tesla and SpaceX have not responded.

　　Johnson said that in this class action lawsuit, he will represent all investors who have lost money in dogecoin trading since April 2019, and demand the defendant to compensate for the loss of $86 billion — — It is roughly equivalent to the market value of dogecoin’s decline since May last year, plus twice the compensation of $172 billion.

　　It is reported that the price in dogecoin has dropped by about 67% this year, and the trading price on 16th was slightly lower than 6 cents, which was far from the peak of 74 cents last year. According to the complaint, dogecoin’s selling began when Musk appeared on the American variety show "saturday night live" in May last year. At that time, Musk called dogecoin "a scam" on the show.

　　▲ Musk promoted dogecoin on Twitter.

　　Since then, Musk launched dogecoin’s "rescue" campaign on Twitter, announcing that SpaceX would take dogecoin to the moon. In March this year, he also said that he would not sell dogecoin and Bitcoin, even though their value had evaporated by billions of dollars.

　　It is reported that dogecoin is a cryptocurrency. In 2013, two software engineers, Marcus and Palmer, invented this kind of digital currency by using Doge, a dog expression pack on the popular Internet, which was originally used to satirize Bitcoin. At first, dogecoin had no value and was mainly used as a reward currency for Reddit, an American social information forum. Later, it gradually went out of the circle and its value was raised. Among them, Musk is constantly supporting the cryptocurrency with high profile, and he once called himself "the father of dogecoin".

　　Red Star journalist Ding Wen

Peninsula network August 14 th　Recently, Mr. Sheng, a citizen, reported to the tide listening column of Peninsula Network (0532-80889235) that he spent 450,000 yuan on a Mercedes-Benz EQE in Qingdao Lixingxing Star Automobile Co., Ltd., and found that there was a problem in battery charging during use. The cruising range is greatly reduced. At first, it can charge 96 kWh when fully charged, but now it can only charge 42 kWh when fully charged. There have also been cases where the reversing function has failed. In this regard, the staff of the 4S shop said that after technical testing, the battery was faulty, and the battery replacement process was already being taken to the customer, and both parties had reached an agreement.

At the end of June 2023, Mr. Sheng took a fancy to a Mercedes-Benz EQE in Qingdao Lixingxing Star Automobile Co., Ltd. "At that time, the market quoted 550,000 yuan, and the 4S shop gave a discount of 100,000 yuan, and finally spent 450,000 yuan to buy it." Shortly after Mr. Sheng bought the car, this Mercedes-Benz EQE officially dropped another 100,000 yuan. Mr. Sheng thinks this is a completely understandable market behavior. However, many problems were found during the use of the vehicle.

Mercedes EQE Full battery life can only run 200.How many kilometers?

Mr. Sheng told reporters that the car he bought had problems with its battery life during use. "It is no problem to drive 650 kilometers when you just pick up the car, and then the cruising range is getting shorter and shorter. Now you can only run more than 200 kilometers on full charge. At the beginning of the car, it was fully charged with 96 kWh of electricity. Now it can only be charged with 42 kWh when it is charged in a state of power loss. "

Mr. Sheng also fed back the problem to the Mercedes-Benz 4S shop, and the staff gave it a test. At that time, no fault code was found, indicating that the battery was normal. At the suggestion of the staff, Mr. Sheng found the fast charging pile and consumed less than 10% of the electricity for self-test charging. Mr. Sheng tested that the battery was fully charged from 8% to 100% and found that the charge was still 42 kWh. Mr. Sheng recorded the video of the charging process and handed it to the staff of the 4S shop. "The cruising range shows 650 kilometers when fully charged, but the cruising range drops very quickly during the actual vehicle driving." Mr. Sheng said.

Mercedes EQEThe reverse function appears. "Failure"?

In addition, Mr. Sheng also found that there were problems with the electronic control of his car. "Going out in the morning, in the process of reversing, the display has hung up the reverse gear, but the locomotive has no movement at all." Mr. Sheng turned off the power for many times, but it still failed to restart. So Mr. Sheng called for help. After several attempts by Mr. Sheng, the reverse gear function returned to normal. Mr. Sheng told reporters that for this problem, the staff of the 4S shop also had no fault code and could not detect the problem.

Mr. Sheng told reporters that after many times of communication, the 4S shop promised to replace the battery, but he also had his own concerns. "Replacing the battery will definitely appear in the maintenance record, which will devalue the second sale of your car."

4SStore response: the battery has been replaced for the customer.

In order to implement the situation, the reporter contacted Chengyang Lixingxing, and the staff said that Mr. Sheng’s Mercedes-Benz EQE had been technically tested for battery failure, because during the warranty period, Mr. Sheng had been given the process of replacing the battery. Free battery replacement for Mr. Sheng, and an agreement has been reached with Mr. Sheng. She is not clear about whether there is a problem with electronic control, but she will ask her after-sales colleagues about the situation.

Lawyer: You can claim compensation if the vehicle depreciates.

Do you have the right to ask for extra compensation besides replacing the battery for Mr. Sheng’s experience? Lawyer Niu Hongyan of Beijing Dacheng (Qingdao) Law Firm believes that "if there is evidence to prove the existence of vehicle depreciation or other economic losses, you can claim compensation, but in practice, it is difficult to identify the depreciation loss. In terms of contract correspondence, after the seller bears the liability for vehicle depreciation, it is impossible to claim compensation from the manufacturer. "

　 　In response to the above problems, Peninsula Network will continue to pay attention.

　　　　　

　On the eve of commemorating the Victory Day of the October Revolution, many Russians came to Lenin’s Mausoleum in Moscow’s Red Square with red flags in their hands.

　　　　　

　　　 The car that Lenin used to use is still properly kept and is now stored in a garage in Lenin’s former residence. Our reporter Li Jin/photo

　　　　　　Lenin is in Russia.

　　　　Looking back on the 90th anniversary of the October Revolution

　　　　On November 7, 1917, the Bolshevik armed forces led by Lenin launched a general attack on the Winter Palace, overthrew the interim government and established the Soviet regime. Thus, the world’s first socialist country was born.

　　　　Today, 90 years later, although the dust of history has gradually dissipated, it is an indelible memory for Russia and countries affected by the October Revolution.

　　　　　Russians have not forgotten history.

　　　　The landmark event that changed the fate of this country 90 years ago has not been forgotten by Russians with the change of years and the cold weather.

Background information:Russian October Revolution (October Socialist Revolution)

　　　　Liu Zuoyuan, a special contributor to the International Herald Tribune, is from Moscow. Although there are still two days before November 7, the atmosphere of commemorating the 90th anniversary of the October Revolution has already come to Moscow. The landmark event that changed the destiny of this country 90 years ago has not been forgotten by Russians with the change of years and the cold weather.

　　　　　The Russian Communist Party celebrated with great fanfare.

　　　　As a matter of fact, since April this year, the Russian communist party has started preparations for activities to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the October Revolution.

　　　　According to Russian media reports, the commemorative activities led by the Russian Communist Party were first lit in Minsk, the capital of Belarus. From November 3 to 5, more than 80 political parties from all over the world sent people to participate in the large-scale international gathering of the Left Party held in Minsk. Participants will then go to Moscow to participate in the parade and rally to be held on November 7. "There will be 40,000 to 50,000 people participating in the parade, or even more." Russian communist party Chairman zyuganov said.

　　　　According to the plan, the Russian Communist Party will also hold academic conferences, round tables, exhibitions, party newspaper festivals and other activities, interspersed with various competitions including slogans, literary works, student compositions and children’s paintings. At the same time, the Communist Party of Russia declared 2007 as the "year of calling for joining the Party", produced the commemorative medal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Russia for the "90th anniversary of the great October socialist revolution", and proposed that the October Revolution Memorial Day be regarded as the main-level festival of the Russian Federation.

　　　　The website of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party also opened a column of "Commemorating the 90th Anniversary of the October Revolution" early, in which an article said that the Russian Communist Party would make maximum use of all kinds of propaganda resources to commemorate and cherish the great significance of the October Revolution. Pravda and regional publications in communist party have also opened up related fixed columns.

　　　　　Red flags are displayed on the streets of Moscow

　　　　In November, the signs of the commemoration atmosphere of the October Revolution on the streets of Moscow gradually increased. Walking on the road, you can often see rallies carrying red flags, and billboards on the roadside have also changed into the image of young pioneers wearing red scarves. All this reminds people that an important festival is coming.

　　　　In Russia, although the "October Revolution Festival" has changed its name several times, it has become the "Moscow Red Square Military Parade Day" today, but most people still like to use the original name. On November 2nd, delegations from different countries arrived in Moscow one after another. People held a rally in Red Square carrying a red flag with the words "Forever October Revolution" written on it.

　　　　The two-color ribbon called "Guards Ribbon" has also been turned out. This ribbon distributed free of charge by the youth organization "College Students Association" consists of black and orange, with black representing smoke and yellow symbolizing flame. The "Guards Ribbon" was originally designed to commend the outstanding achievements of Red Army soldiers during the Soviet Patriotic War after the October Revolution. In today’s Russia, young people are more willing to commemorate the festivals of the former Soviet Union by wearing the "Guards Ribbon".

　　　　"For many Russians, commemorating the October Revolution is a tradition. No matter how people evaluate the October Revolution, no one can deny its great influence on the Russian nation." Party member Nikolai, a Communist Party of Russia from Moscow University, told the International Herald Tribune that in order to participate in the parade and rally on November 7, the Communist Party of Russia party member of his school had prepared flags and slogans, and there would be an independent phalanx on the day of the parade.

　　　　While the Russian Communist Party celebrated the October Revolution Festival with great fanfare, the Russian media reported that Lenin’s body might be moved out of Lenin’s Mausoleum. "We will resolutely oppose this kind of thing, especially on the day of commemorating the October Revolution." Nikolai was quite indignant at this: "No one can erase Lenin’s influence and great achievements in Russian history."

　　　　　　Flowers fill the graves of martyrs.

　　　　The reporter of International Herald Tribune specially visited the famous New Saint Cemetery in Moscow. Everyone buried here is a witness of that period of history. People who are busy commemorating the October Revolution have not forgotten these heroes who are buried in the cemetery, and newly picked flowers are placed in front of the gravestones in the shadows of the trees.

　　　　Party member Makarenko, an old Russian Communist Party, dedicated a bouquet of flowers to the tomb of writer Nikolai ostrovsky. In front of ostrovsky’s tombstone, there is a cavalry knife and a pointed hat that Paul, his hero, often wears, which makes people easily think of his novel How Steel was Tempered. "During the October Revolution Festival, my party group proposed to come to the cemetery to sweep graves." Makarenko told the International Herald Tribune, "People need faith, just as we followed at the beginning, to make other people’s lives better because of your survival." Makarenko quoted the motto of the famous Soviet hero Matrosoff. Indeed, for Russians, perhaps the more significance of commemorating the October Revolution lies in adhering to the belief of following life.

　　　　Today, the ruby five-pointed star on the Kremlin has been lit for 70 years, which is also a historical witness that the Soviet Union once existed as a great country. Although that period of history is getting longer and the October Revolution Festival is no longer a legal holiday, in the hearts of many Russians, it is an "eternal festival". Source: International Herald Tribune

　　　　　　Exploring Lenin’s footprint in Russia

　　　　There are countless roads, factories and subway stations named after "Lenin" and "October Revolution" in Russia, and they are also silently recalling the past history.

　　　　Liu Yang, a reporter from the International Herald Tribune, was born in Moscow. From 1917 to 2007, 90 years passed away negligently.

It has been nearly three years since the system was put into trial operation, and the big data system for comprehensive evaluation of radio and television program ratings of the General Administration of China has had a profound impact on the industry. What is the core architecture of the system? How does the system highlight innovation and key applications? What is the focus of the next step? Recently, the reporter of "Radio and Television Review" had an exclusive interview with the person in charge of the Big Data Research Center for Program Comprehensive Evaluation of the Radio and Television Planning Institute of the General Administration.

Author: Jiang Yong

"Buzz."

　

Walking into the communication network computer room of the big data system for comprehensive evaluation of program ratings of the General Administration of China, the roaring air conditioning sound made the recording pen stop working.

Communication network room of big data system for comprehensive evaluation of program ratings of General Administration of China.

On the rows of racks, hundreds of servers, switches and routers are running at high speed, and countless data are collected, stored and calculated here in binary form, which eventually become a series of professional numbers on the viewing table.

　

The person in charge of the Big Data Research Center for Program Comprehensive Evaluation said: "The viewing data of more than 300 million users (cable TV, IPTV, Internet TV) in China are gathered here, which is equivalent to the’ brain’ and’ warehouse’ of the whole system."

　

On December 26, 2018, the big data system for comprehensive evaluation of radio and television program ratings of the General Administration of China was put into trial operation. In the past three years, relying on the real and pollution-free viewing statistics and analysis, the system has provided important support for public opinion guidance, program broadcast management, etc., and has also become the main reference for daily assessment and advertising investment promotion of TV stations and other units.

　

"National team data", "pollution-free data" and "dehydration data" are the basic cognition of the industry on the big data system for comprehensive evaluation of ratings, but there are not many in-depth issues about how to create, how to operate and what innovative features this system has. Recently, the reporter of "Radio and Television Review" conducted an exclusive interview with the person in charge of the Big Data Research Center for Program Comprehensive Evaluation of the Radio and Television Planning Institute of the General Administration, revealing the origin, operation and development of this system.

　

On-line: an important measure to control viewing fraud from the source

The first appearance of the big data system for comprehensive evaluation of program ratings was at the end of 2018. However, as early as 2016, under the leadership of the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, the Radio and Television Planning Institute took the lead in organizing a number of radio and television stations, network operators, research institutes, universities and enterprises, and successively carried out research and development of core technologies for viewing, standard formulation and small-scale experiments.

The big data system for comprehensive evaluation of radio and television program ratings of the General Administration of China was put into trial operation.

The person in charge said that for a long time, the CPC Central Committee has attached great importance to the construction of the viewing survey system and demanded the establishment of an authoritative and convincing new viewing survey system to promote the high-quality and innovative development of radio and television. The Party Group of the General Administration has conscientiously implemented the central government’s decision-making and deployment, and taken the construction of a comprehensive evaluation big data system for program viewing as an important measure to implement the spirit of the central government.

　

At the same time, the authoritative comprehensive evaluation of program ratings is also the general trend of the industry. All sectors of society call for the establishment and comprehensive application of a new audience survey system as soon as possible, so as to solve the outstanding problems in the field of audience survey from the source.

　

In this context, the big data system for comprehensive evaluation of program ratings came into being.

　

Attack: complete the system construction in three stages

From 0 to 1, innovative construction.

　

The big data system for comprehensive evaluation of program viewing abandons the traditional viewing survey mode and innovatively builds a new big data viewing survey system with cloud computing, whole network, full sample and big data as its important features.

　

The person in charge bluntly said, "It is very difficult, from data access to system construction, model and index design to system online, all from scratch".

　

Since 2016, the construction process of the system has been divided into three stages with different periods and different key points.

　

In the first stage, the Radio and Television Planning Institute led relevant units to carry out independent research and development of the core technology of viewing survey, formulated and published a number of industry specifications such as viewing data element set, exchange interface and cleaning rules, and independently mastered a number of core technology patents and software copyrights.

　

At the same time, by studying the theory of big data viewing survey, the index system and calculation method are determined to solve the problems of sample analysis, statistical rules and processing methods, data modeling and analysis of big data viewing under the new situation.

　

In the second stage, the Planning Institute organized a number of cable TV networks, IPTV and Internet TV institutions to carry out tens of millions of technical experiments, which verified the rationality and feasibility of the basic theory, technical scheme, index system, survey standards, model algorithms, quality control, security and privacy protection strategies of the large sample viewing survey formed in the first stage.

　

At this stage, the experiment was highly praised by experts, and it was agreed that "it can meet the needs of ultra-large-scale, multi-source heterogeneous viewing data analysis and comprehensive evaluation of programs".

　

In the third stage, in the second half of 2018, the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television decided to carry out the construction of "Big Data System for Comprehensive Evaluation of Radio and Television Program Audience" by the Planning Institute on the basis of previous scale experiments and trial and error.

　

"From project research to experimental verification to system construction and operation, it embodies the efforts and efforts of many staff." The person in charge said.

　

As far as the industry is concerned, the completion and operation of the system has played an important role in establishing a scientific, true and effective ratings evaluation system and fundamentally solving the problem of ratings fraud.

　

Architecture: five characteristics to strengthen service management

How does the big data system for comprehensive evaluation of program ratings work?

　

The person in charge introduced that the process of viewing big data involves the collection, cleaning, warehousing, analysis and application of viewing big data. "The whole process is a bit like cooking."

　

The operation flow of the system is that the user’s viewing data is directly collected from the set-top box by operators (such as gehuayouxian) and transmitted to the viewing comprehensive evaluation big data system through a secure channel. After collecting, gathering, cleaning and converting massive data, the system carries out modeling, statistics, analysis and other work, and outputs big data viewing survey indicators.

　

There is no human intervention in the whole process. At the critical data acquisition stage, the system is equipped with a three-level verification mechanism of normative verification, integrity verification and rationality verification, which effectively prevents data from being contaminated.

　

On the whole, the innovation of big data system can be summarized into five aspects:

　

First, the sample is complete, the coverage is wide, and there are massive data sources. The system has realized the aggregation and analysis of the viewing data of 300 million cable TV, IPTV and Internet TV users nationwide, covering various viewing modes such as live broadcast, review and on-demand.

　

The second is big data, cloud computing, efficient processing and accurate home. Based on big data and cloud computing technology, the system can efficiently and timely count the super-large-scale viewing data and analyze the accurate home-to-home, which can not only reflect the viewing situation of popular programs and prime time, but also accurately capture the viewing characteristics of minority programs and marginal time.

　

The third is to prevent manipulation and pollution, and fundamentally solve the falsification of viewing. The data collection, cleaning, analysis and presentation of the system are seamlessly connected, and the whole process is automated and closed to prevent human manipulation. The system is based on massive data statistics, and the influence of individual sample data pollution on statistical results can be ignored, so the system has strong anti-pollution ability.

　

Fourth, multi-dimensional and all-round, and integrated analysis leads development. The system innovatively established an indicator system of viewing big data covering more than 80 core indicators in eight aspects. Through deep mining and timely feedback of viewing data, it guided content selection, material integration, demand combination, analysis and prediction, creation and production, changed the traditional program production mode, and effectively guided the healthy development of the industry.

　

The fifth is all-media, openness, and presuppose a new orientation in the future. The system adapts to the development of media convergence and the new changes of communication pattern and communication environment, continuously enriches the sources of TV viewing data, and will comprehensively cover different communication channels such as cable TV, satellite live broadcast, IPTV, Internet TV and network audio-visual fields, and preset the new positioning and model under the general trend of national cable TV network integration and 5G mobile application in advance.

　

Impact: promoting industry development with data

At the beginning of the trial operation of the big data system for comprehensive evaluation of program ratings, many media commented that "the problem of industry ratings was rectified in a radical way".

　

Up to now, the positive impact of the system on the industry has already appeared.

　

According to the person in charge, at present, the system has exported more than 30,000 professional data analysis reports to the central leadership, Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China, industry authorities, national television stations, etc., supporting publicity and regulation, and helping TV stations to create, produce and broadcast management, which has been affirmed by many parties.

　

Through data query and analysis or data report presentation, it provides comprehensive data support for CCTV, China Education TV, movie channels and national satellite TV channels, and becomes the main data for daily program assessment.

　

On December 17, 2019, the Program Comprehensive Evaluation Big Data Research Center officially released the viewing data to the public under the brand of "China Audio-Visual Big Data (CVB)". After the release of CVB data, it was well received by the public and applauded the SARFT’s "combination boxing" and "heavy punching" to control ratings fraud.

The first viewing data released by "China Audio-Visual Big Data (CVB)" to the public.

At the end of 2020, formulated by the State Administration of Radio and Television and approved by the National Bureau of Statistics, the "Statistical Survey System of Radio and Television Program Audience Big Data" was released, and the radio and television industry became the first industry to conduct statistical surveys of government departments in the form of big data.

　

Talking about the focus of the next step, the person in charge introduced that there are about 50 employees in the Big Data Research Center for Program Comprehensive Evaluation, who are responsible for data access and analysis, data report compilation and release, public opinion analysis, data application promotion and so on.

　

On the basis of the existing work, the Planning Institute will rely on large system resources to promote the implementation of the "Big Data System Expansion for Comprehensive Evaluation of Radio and Television Program Audience" project, improve the scale of system data aggregation, optimize the data chain mechanism, improve the quality of data throughout the life cycle, ensure the accuracy, completeness and timeliness of data collection and aggregation, and ensure the authenticity, objectivity and order of data release and application.

　

With the multi-screen viewing environment, the Planning Institute will accelerate the data access of Internet TV and Internet audio-visual websites, build a data index system for the network audio-visual field, realize the effective aggregation and analysis of network audio-visual viewing data, and give full play to the role of "China audio-visual big data".

　

A few days ago, the State Administration of Radio and Television issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Management of Cultural Programs and Their Personnel, which clearly stated: "Look at quantitative indicators such as ratings and click-through rates scientifically and increase the promotion and application of’ China Audio-visual Big Data’."

　

Regarding the new requirements, the person in charge said, "We will continue to optimize and improve the big data system for comprehensive evaluation of program viewing, better serve publicity management, support the development of the industry, and achieve comprehensive and diversified data support for the dissemination of quality programs."

　

(Ning Yahong also contributed to this article)

Editor | Ning Yahong Sui Fangfang

Many people say that buying is just to buy a toy. After driving this car, I think this sentence is wrong, at least it is not accurate on the floor, because the control of this car is actually quite good, and the driving texture is even better than most fuel vehicles. However, since everyone said it was a toy. Say: just say yes, bu~bu~pu~

This week, there happened to be one left in the editor’s office of the new trip. Taking this opportunity, I can also experience other interesting things besides the attributes of transportation.

Emission test mode

As a car, the car is very quiet when it is driven every day. In order to make you not too bored, an "emission test mode" is introduced, which can also be called "fart mode". The driver can choose the desired sound effect and the target cushion that emits the sound effect, and just wait for the opportunity to successfully spoof friends.

Opening method 1: Home interface → Click menu bar → Select toy box → Emission test mode; Opening method 2: Home interface → Click on the logo → Pull down the vehicle details page → Enter the egg list → Emission test mode.

The excitation conditions of emission test mode can be selected by yourself. If you want to make a joke at any time, you can set "put it if you want" and press the wheel on the left side of the steering wheel to excite it. If you want to look more like it, you can choose "turn around and let it go", so that when you turn a corner, your friends will not think that you are playing a prank with the action.

amusement arcade

In addition to practical jokes, a new game hall has been updated recently. My colleague Yu Si gave you a detailed explanation before.What makes Yu Si not on the class? Experience Tesla’s Beach Racing Eggs)Playing games in the car is really interesting.

Opening mode: Home interface → Click on the menu bar → Select the game hall → Beach Racing.

There are two kinds of games: single-player mode and double-player mode, which means you can play by yourself or with friends or family of the co-pilot. Single-player mode is to control steering and pedal to control deceleration through the steering wheel, and release props through the two rollers of the steering wheel. In double mode, the co-pilot player can only operate through the virtual buttons on the big screen.

Dog mode

In addition to interesting places, there are also some designs full of humanistic care in the world. When the pet is in the car, the temperature inside the car can be kept in a safe range for several hours even when the car is closed. Attention: For the safety of pets, do not use this function for a long time, and do not leave children alone in the car.

How to turn it on: Click the fan icon at the bottom of the touch screen after parking. Set the mode to "love dog", adjust the temperature, and the dog mode will continue to be maintained after leaving the car. If the battery of the vehicle is less than 20%, the owner will receive a notice about the mobile application.

Sentinel mode

"Sentinel mode" means that when the vehicle is parked, it will detect the threat through a 360-degree on-board camera and give an alarm. This function was first introduced on the Internet, and then spread to the and models.

Opening mode: enter control → safety and protection → sentry mode.

Romantic mode

When this mode is turned on, the central control large screen can instantly become a realistic fireplace, and the flames in the screen can dance briskly with the music.

forty-two

Holding down the name of your car can make you rename it. If you enter the number 42, yours will be renamed as "Life, Universe and Everything". 42 is the answer to "the ultimate answer to life, the universe and anything" in Douglas Adams’s novel A Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy. After entering 42, your car will also become a cool sky ship.

Himmelskibet

If you are tired of the earth on the map and want a change? Then you can hold the LOGO on the main screen and type "Mars", so that your map will become the surface of Mars, and your car will become a rover on the map.

However, because Google Maps can’t be used in China, this egg looks very pale, only the word Mars.

007

On other models of, press and hold the logo on the touch screen for 8 seconds to display the service access menu. Type "007" to enter the vehicle control menu and change the graphic of ""from "007 Underwater City" to submarine. Changing the depth will change the height.

However, there is no way to realize this function in the world.

drawing board

This Easter egg is nothing new. If the home page is pulled down and all the eggs are displayed, the home screen will become an electronic drawing board. You can use your imagination at will.

However, this function is not particularly easy to use in practice, and the undo function can only undo the most recent operation, which is not smart enough. There is also a way to open the sketchpad, which is to quickly click the logo three times on the homepage.

Rainbow Road

Want to show the co-pilot’s sister what is a sense of technology? After the automatic auxiliary steering is started, quickly dial the driving lever for 4 times, and the road color displayed on the screen will change from gray to bright rainbow. I think this function is much more interesting than the romantic mode, and it can bring a small surprise to the co-pilot during long-distance travel.

In addition to Rainbow Road, the world also supports Santa Claus mode. In addition to animation special effects on the screen, it will also emit unique sound effects when driving. It must be very interesting to play this at Christmas.

Edit summary/

If a friend around you just bought it and is not familiar with the function, you should know what to do after reading this article. Drop down the home page → show all the eggs you have → enter the emission test mode → "take off in place". Haha, I believe your friends will reflect on why they want to buy a toy car.