Cctv news: On July 7, the National Internet Information Office announced the Measures for the Evaluation of Data Exit Security (hereinafter referred to as the Measures). The relevant person in charge of the National Internet Information Office answered the reporter’s questions about the Measures.

　　Q: Please briefly introduce the background of the promulgation of the Measures?

　　A:In recent years, with the vigorous development of the digital economy, cross-border activities of data have become increasingly frequent, and the demand for data leaving the country by data processors has increased rapidly. At the same time, due to the differences in legal systems and protection levels in different countries and regions, the security risks of data leaving the country are correspondingly prominent. Cross-border data activities not only affect personal information rights and interests, but also relate to national security and social public interests. Many countries and regions in the world have explored the system of data cross-border security management from their own and local realities. The formulation and promulgation of the Measures is an important measure to implement the relevant provisions of the Cyber Security Law, the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law. The purpose is to further standardize data exit activities, protect personal information rights and interests, safeguard national security and social public interests, and promote the safe and free flow of data across borders.

　　Q: What does the outbound data activity referred to in the Measures mean?

　　A:The data exit activities mentioned in the Measures mainly include: First, the data processors transmit and store the data collected and generated in domestic operations abroad. Second, the data collected and generated by the data processor are stored in China and can be accessed or called by overseas institutions, organizations or individuals.

　　Q: What circumstances need to declare data exit security assessment?

　　A:The "Measures" clarify four situations in which data exit security assessment should be declared: First, data processors provide important data overseas. Second, key information infrastructure operators and data processors who handle personal information of more than 1 million people provide personal information overseas. Third, since January 1 of last year, data processors who have provided 100,000 personal information or 10,000 sensitive personal information overseas have provided personal information overseas. Fourth, other situations stipulated by the national network information department that need to declare data exit security assessment.

　　Q: What are the main contents of data exit security assessment?

　　A:Data exit security assessment focuses on the risks that data exit activities may bring to national security, public interests and the legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations, mainly including the following matters: First, the legality, legitimacy and necessity of the purpose, scope and methods of data exit. Second, the influence of data security protection policies and regulations and network security environment in the country or region where the overseas recipient is located on the security of outbound data; Whether the data protection level of overseas recipients meets the requirements of People’s Republic of China (PRC) laws, administrative regulations and mandatory national standards. Third, the scale, scope, type and sensitivity of outbound data, and the risks of being tampered with, destroyed, leaked, lost, transferred or illegally obtained or used during and after leaving the country. Fourth, whether data security and personal information rights can be fully and effectively guaranteed. Fifth, whether the legal documents to be concluded between the data processor and the overseas receiver fully stipulate the responsibility and obligation of data security protection. Sixth, compliance with laws, administrative regulations and departmental rules of China. Seventh, other matters that the national network information department believes need to be evaluated.

　　Q: In order to standardize the data exit safety assessment activities, what specific procedures are defined in the Measures?

　　A:The "Measures" clarified the specific process of data leaving the country. First, pre-assessment. Before providing data abroad, data processors should first carry out self-assessment of data exit risks. The second is to declare the assessment. If the data exit safety assessment is met, the data processor should declare the data exit safety assessment to the national network information department through the local provincial network information department. The third is to carry out evaluation, and the national network information department will decide whether to accept the evaluation within 7 working days from the date of receiving the application materials; Complete the data exit security assessment within 45 working days from the date of issuing the written acceptance notice; If the situation is complicated or the materials need to be supplemented or corrected, it may be appropriately extended and the data processor may be informed of the expected extended time. Fourth, re-evaluation and termination of exit. If the validity period of the evaluation results expires or the re-evaluation situation stipulated in these Measures occurs within the validity period, the data processor shall re-declare the data exit safety evaluation. If the data outbound activities that have passed the evaluation no longer meet the requirements of data outbound safety management in the actual processing process, the data processor shall terminate the data outbound activities after receiving the written notice from the national network information department. If the data processor needs to continue to carry out data exit activities, it shall make rectification as required, and re-apply for evaluation after the rectification is completed.

　　Q: How to protect the legitimate rights and interests of data processors such as business secrets in the evaluation process?

　　answerThe Measures stipulate that relevant institutions and personnel involved in safety assessment shall keep confidential the state secrets, personal privacy, personal information, business secrets, confidential business information and other data they know in performing their duties according to law, and shall not disclose them or illegally provide them to others or use them illegally.

　　Q: What other provisions have been clarified in the Measures?

　　A:In addition to the above assessment contents, specific procedures, confidentiality requirements and other management measures, the Measures also clarify that the national network information department is responsible for deciding whether to accept the safety assessment, and organize relevant departments in the State Council, provincial network information departments and specialized agencies to carry out the safety assessment according to the application. The provincial network information department is responsible for receiving the application materials for data exit security assessment and completing the completeness inspection. Any organization or individual who finds that a data processor provides data overseas in violation of these measures may report to the network information department at or above the provincial level.

　　Q: When will the data processor declare the data exit security assessment?

　　A:The data processor shall declare and pass the data exit safety assessment before the data exit activities occur. In practice, it is advisable for data processors to declare data exit safety assessment before signing data exit related contracts or other legally binding documents (hereinafter referred to as legal documents) with overseas recipients. If the assessment is declared after signing the legal document, it is suggested to indicate in the legal document that this document shall take effect after passing the data exit security assessment, so as to avoid possible losses caused by failure to pass the assessment.

　　Q: What are the possible results of the exit security assessment of enterprise declaration data?

　　A:First, the declaration will not be accepted. For those that do not fall within the scope of security assessment, the data processor can carry out data exit activities through other legal channels stipulated by law after receiving the written notice that the national network information department will not accept it. The second is to pass the safety assessment. After receiving the written notice of passing the assessment, the data processor can carry out data exit activities in strict accordance with the declared items. Third, it failed the safety assessment. If the data exit safety assessment fails, the data processor shall not carry out the declared data exit activities.

　　Q: What should I do if I disagree with the evaluation results?

　　A:If the data processor disagrees with the evaluation results, it can apply to the national network information department for re-evaluation within 15 working days after receiving the evaluation results, and the re-evaluation results are final.

　　Q: How long is the validity of the results of the data exit security assessment?

　　A:The validity period of the results of data exit safety assessment is 2 years, counting from the date when the assessment results are issued. If it is necessary to continue to carry out data exit activities after the expiration of the validity period, the data processor shall re-apply for evaluation 60 working days before the expiration of the validity period.

　　Q: How to investigate the legal responsibility for violating the Measures?

　　A:The Measures clarify that if a data processor violates the provisions of these Measures, it shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of the Network Security Law, the Data Security Law, the Personal Information Protection Law and other laws and regulations; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

　　Q: How do the three ways link up the relationship between the provision of personal information overseas, security assessment, standard contract and personal information protection certification?

　　A:The scope of application of the Measures has been made clear, and a security assessment should be declared for the data exit of personal information processors to which security assessment is applicable; The data exit situation of personal information processors outside the scope of application of the Measures can meet the conditions for cross-border provision of personal information through personal information protection certification or signing a standard contract formulated by the national network information department, so as to facilitate personal information processors to carry out data exit activities according to law.

　　Original title: AI juvenile hard technology

　　In March, 2023, a ranking released by Zeta Alpha, an American industry research institution, made many domestic artificial intelligence (AI) practitioners feel very excited. Among the top 100 cited AI papers in the world, China’s Defiance Technology, a unicorn enterprise founded by three Tsinghua "Yao Ban" students, ranked second only to the "popular star" of international artificial intelligence.

　　As early as before the artificial intelligence surge, they embarked on the journey of sending artificial intelligence technology from the laboratory to real life, and finally let China’s artificial intelligence industry stand on the world-class track.

　　Xueba juvenile "assembly number"

　　Where can I see the most Olympic gold medal winners in China? The answer may be-Defiance Science and Technology Research Institute of Jinyu Zhizao Workshop in Haidian District. Among the 500 researchers, there are more than 30 former gold medal winners of the International Informatics Olympiad, the acm international collegiate programming contest and the National Youth Informatics Olympiad.

　　The leader of the research institute is Yinqi. Inki, an 18-year-old boy, was admitted to Tsinghua University in 2006. After entering the school, he was selected to enter "Yao Ban".

　　"Half the talents in Tsinghua, half the talents in Tsinghua are in Yao Ban" —— Yao Ban, which won such praise from the outside world, is the computer science experimental class of Tsinghua School, founded by Academician Yao Qizhi, an American Turing Award winner and a world-famous computer scientist.

　　"World-class computer professionals must explore the most cutting-edge issues of global science and technology." In the class of "Yao Ban", Yinqi buried his life ambition to pursue cutting-edge technology diligently, and also met like-minded classmates Tang Wenbin and Yang Mu.

　　At that time, technological change was driving "the potential of starting a prairie fire" with "a spark" on the other side of the ocean. Facebook created by Zuckerberg has changed the traditional social model in the world, and Apple led by Jobs has launched the epoch-making electronic product iPhone.

　　Change is opportunity. In 2011, three Tsinghua "Xueba" jointly founded Defiance Technology, becoming the earliest artificial intelligence startup company in China. However, AI’s extremely attractive technical vision cannot directly bring the future to the front. Young geeks who are full of blood just broke into the society and were splashed with cold water. "Where is a technology startup company in China?" An investor left a word to Inch and Tang Wenbin, and the tone was beyond doubt.

　　The stereotype of investors was faced by China science and technology entrepreneurs more than ten years ago. At that time, most of the capital’s eager eyes on entrepreneurial projects focused on mobile Internet applications and business model innovation that could become popular overnight. There are few precedents for the success of technology entrepreneurship, and as for artificial intelligence, few people care.

　　Despite this, several young people firmly believe in their own judgment-mastering the underlying technology, they will embrace the "BRIC" that will shine sooner or later.

　　Yinqi and the team worked around the clock to train the visual recognition cloud platform with a billion-level algorithm every day through the "neuron-like deep learning algorithm" to accelerate the self-repair of the platform. Just like sea tactics, the more data systematically analyzed, the more accurate the calculation and identification results will be.

　　Only one year later, the false recognition rate of the contemptuous visual service platform Face++ has dropped to one in ten thousand, which is equivalent to growing into an 18-year-old adult’s brain in three years in the direction of visual recognition. By the second half of 2014, its recognition rate has reached 97.27%, and it has won the champion of three international evaluations, namely FDDB, 300-W and LFW, exceeding the recognition rate of Facebook of 97.25%. This is the catch-up of latecomers.

　　Patiently cross the "Death Valley"

　　In March 2016, Google’s artificial intelligence Go software AlphaGo beat the former world Go champion Li Shishi, and artificial intelligence became a household name overnight. Startups based on artificial intelligence technology have suddenly become hot. In 2017, Defiance Technology received $460 million in Series C financing.

　　However, the growing pains also follow-more players, more expensive research and development, but less technology.

　　Yinqi realized that after the early honeymoon period, the industry was entering the deep water area. The application of artificial intelligence technology will be the first to mature in the enterprise market, and the key battle for artificial intelligence start-ups to cross the "Valley of Death" will also start on this "battlefield". Attack the enterprise market!

　　However, compared with the consumer market with high outbreak and high growth, the enterprise market is a "bitter" business. No matter in the fields of finance, security or supply chain, every industry is occupied by giants who have been deeply cultivated for many years. For a group of young geeks, it is not easy to gnaw such "hard bones".

　　Shortly after entering the security industry, Tang Wenbin, as the company’s chief technology officer, found that many face recognition systems obtain information from the video shot by the front-end ordinary camera and then identify it, so it is difficult to store and transmit the video. "Why not directly make a smart cameras that can be identified immediately? It must be very valuable. "

　　Just do it. A high-end smart cameras comes out, which is not only equipped with a self-developed intelligent identification system, but also uses a sensor with leading performance, an expensive processor and even a seven-color shell.

　　However, when communicating with users, the team found that these products, which are cool enough in terms of technical indicators and appearance, did not meet the demand. Customers in an industry require power consumption within 3 watts, while their smart cameras consume nearly 18 watts. The cost of a piece of equipment of 10,000 yuan was even more unacceptable in the market environment at that time.

　　"Looking for nails with a hammer." This experience is a detour that many companies that started with technology have gone through. On the long March of technological entrepreneurship, there is never a shortcut, and the only way is to keep going.

　　Go to the nearest line of demand-

　　Standing in an e-commerce platform warehouse with a temperature of minus 10℃ and an area of 20,000 square meters, Tang Wenbin and Yinqi found that any air conditioner and heating can’t play any role here. In this environment, the total walking distance of the picking team can reach 30 to 40 kilometers at the end of the day. Is there any way to improve the efficiency of warehousing and logistics? Since then, in this large warehouse, more than 500 robots of three types of partners have been ignored and worked together, which has improved the efficiency of personnel by 40%.

　　Go to the "battlefield" where the demand for technology is the most urgent-

　　At the beginning of 2020, the epidemic broke out in COVID-19, and the emergency project team headed by Yinqi was set up on the first day of New Year’s Day. More than 100 people joined the research and development of artificial intelligence temperature measurement scheme. Ten days later, Ming Ji AI intelligent temperature measuring system was officially delivered for trial operation, and it was applied to Beijing’s major subways, supermarkets, hospitals and other scenes.

　　Nowadays, in more than 100 domestic cities, more than 10 countries and regions, ignoring urban Internet of Things solutions is always exerting wisdom for urban operation; In the smart warehouses of major enterprises, the smart pallet four-way car with small body and standard load of 1500 kg has been put into battle; Hundreds of millions of smart phones around the world have used the contemptuous device unlocking and computational photography solutions …

　　The technical vision of "using artificial intelligence to benefit the public" of young geeks 12 years ago has blossomed in fields, factories, mines, schools and communities.

　　Embrace the wave of hard technology entrepreneurship

　　An armored robot gradually learned human actions, language, creativity and even emotions in the process of long-term contact with human beings, and was finally recognized by human beings and integrated into human society. The science fiction film Machine Butler released in 1999 showed people the future life of robots and human beings. The intelligent and warm robots in the film are now accelerating into reality.

　　Yinqi said with emotion: "Technological changes will definitely roll forward, whether you join or not. If it can’t lead in core technology, China’s AI enterprises will gradually lose their position in global competition. "

　　On the road of technological exploration, he is not alone with contempt.

　　In 2014, Dai Wenyuan, who won the world championship in the ACM acm international collegiate programming contest, known as the "Computer Olympics Competition", and his mentor Professor Yang Qiang established the fourth paradigm. In 2016, Lou Tiancheng, who graduated from "Yao Ban" like Yinqi and was called "the leader of the building" by Tsinghua students because of his superior programming ability, and Peng Jun set up an autonomous driving company Xiaoma Zhixing. In the same year, Chen Tianshi and Chen Yunji, two brothers who graduated from the junior class of the University of Science and Technology of China, founded the CAMBRIAN artificial intelligence chip company.

　　Yinqi, Chen Tianshi, Lou Tiancheng, Dai Wenyuan … In Beijing, the new generation of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs have emerged, and the wave of hard technology represented by artificial intelligence has also swept across the country with Beijing as the center. At present, Beijing, which has gathered nearly 30% of artificial intelligence enterprises in the country, has become a veritable "AI first city".

　　The innovation spiral of hard technology touches more than artificial intelligence. Relevant persons in charge of the Municipal Science and Technology Commission and Zhongguancun Management Committee observed that in the fields of high-tech and cutting-edge technologies such as new materials, virtual reality, artificial intelligence and precision medical care, a large number of technology entrepreneurs emerged, and a number of entrepreneurial enterprises with extremely high technological competitiveness and wide market application prospects rose strongly. On the road of exploring the mystery of the frontier of science and technology, the new generation of entrepreneurs will have more and more colleagues.

　　Beijing becomes the first city of AI.

　　By October 2022, there were 1,048 artificial intelligence core enterprises in Beijing, accounting for 29% of the total number of artificial intelligence enterprises in China, ranking first in the country, and more than 30 artificial intelligence unicorn enterprises have been born.

　　Twenty-four enterprises in China have been approved to build a new generation of national artificial intelligence open innovation platform, of which 10 enterprises are headquartered in Beijing.

　　There are more than 40,000 core technical talents in the field of artificial intelligence in Beijing, accounting for 60% of the country; The number of artificial intelligence papers published ranks first in the country; Among the top 100 institutions in the world in terms of the number of patents granted, there are 30 Beijing-based institutions.

　　The two major industries, medical health and information technology, are becoming the "twin engines" of Beijing’s sophisticated economy under the cross-integration of artificial intelligence platform technology. In 2022, the related output value of Beijing artificial intelligence industry is estimated to be about 227 billion yuan.

　　Hard technology is written into the five-year plan

　　On March 12, 2021, the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of Long-term Goals in 2035 was officially released, in which it was specifically mentioned that it was necessary to enhance the characteristics of "hard technology" in science and technology innovation board and enhance the function of Growth Enterprise Market in serving growth-oriented innovative and entrepreneurial enterprises.

　　In November, 2021, the Plan for the Construction of Beijing International Science and Technology Innovation Center during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period also proposed to carry out pilot projects of equity investment and venture capital share transfer in depth to guide early investment, hard technology investment and long-term investment; Support the development of market-oriented and specialized hard technology incubators, promote the verification and maturation of scientific and technological achievements, and quickly realize transformation and industrialization.

　　Hard technology refers to the key core technology that needs long-term R&D investment, has a high technical threshold, is difficult to be copied and imitated, and has a significant supporting role for economic and social development. Hard technology is at the high end of the global value chain, which has the characteristics of high intellectual property barriers, high capital investment, high information intensity, high added value of products and high industrial control, and is an important symbol to measure a country’s core competitiveness. At present, the representative fields of hard technology include photoelectric chips, artificial intelligence, aerospace, biotechnology, information technology, new materials, new energy, intelligent manufacturing and so on.(Sun Qiru)

　　Throughout history, infectious diseases have accompanied the process of human civilization and have had a profound impact on human civilization. It can be said that the history of mankind is the history of fighting infectious diseases. As William McNeill mentioned in his book Plague and Man: "Intelligence, knowledge and organization can’t change people’s vulnerability and helplessness in the face of parasitic invasion. Since the appearance of human beings, infectious diseases have followed, and when human beings still exist, infectious diseases will exist. Infectious diseases used to be, and will certainly be, one of the most basic determinants affecting human history. "

　　Since the founding of New China 70 years ago, China has made remarkable achievements in economic, social, scientific and technological fields. Among them, experts and scholars in the fields of infectious diseases and parasitic diseases in China have made outstanding contributions to the prevention and control of infectious diseases and the improvement of people’s health. In 2018, CCTV’s "Go Around China" column produced the documentary "Never Stop Epidemic War", which recorded the wars between medical and health personnel and infectious diseases in China.

　　Here, we invite Professor Wang Guiqiang, the current chairman of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the director of the Infectious Diseases Department of the First Hospital of Peking University, to sort out those things in the field of infectious diseases in China in the past 70 years. Those people … …

　　At the beginning of the founding of New China, infectious diseases such as smallpox, plague, cholera, schistosomiasis and kala-azar were rampant in China, seriously endangering people’s health. The China Municipal Government attaches great importance to the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and has successively issued a series of principles and policies to organize national efforts to prevent and control infectious diseases. In 1980s, with the classical infectious diseases being gradually controlled, the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease became the main work of infectious diseases doctors. From the 1990s to the early 21st century, with the inclusion of hepatitis B vaccination in planned immunization and the popularization of various antiviral treatments, the infectious diseases department began to return to the essence of big infection, and the focus of its work gradually shifted from the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease to the construction of big infection discipline focusing on the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment ability of bacteria and fungi.

　　First, the classic achievements:

　　These achievements are worth remembering.

　　(1) Eradication of smallpox

　　Smallpox is a severe infectious disease caused by smallpox virus, with a mortality rate as high as 25%. As early as the 10th century, China invented human pox vaccination. In 1688, Russia sent doctors to Beijing to study human pox vaccination, and human pox vaccination began to spread all over the world. Human pox vaccination has protected many people’s lives, but the vaccinated people still have a mortality rate of 2%. In 1796, edward Cenna, a British doctor, successfully vaccinated an 8-year-old boy with vaccinia, which ushered in a new era of vaccination against smallpox.

　　From January to August, 1950, there were 44,211 cases of smallpox in China, which were distributed all over the country. In that year, 7,765 people died of smallpox. In order to eliminate smallpox, in October 1950, the Central People’s Government issued the "Instructions on Launching Autumn Vaccination Campaign" issued by Premier Zhou Enlai, and made a decision to promote universal vaccination throughout the country. Subsequently, the Ministry of Health promulgated the "Interim Measures for Vaccination" to promote free vaccination in the whole country.

　　In 1950, the vaccination rate of smallpox in Beijing reached 80%, making it the first city in China to eliminate smallpox. By 1952, more than 500 million people had been vaccinated against vaccinia all over the country. By 1958, the number of smallpox cases in China had dropped sharply to more than 300.

　　In the spring of 1959, six people brought smallpox from Myanmar to Danjia Dazhai, Danjia District, Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province. Subsequently, two people brought smallpox to Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province from abroad. This time, the smallpox epidemic caused 672 people to get sick and 96 people died. This is the last outbreak of smallpox in China. With the recovery of the last case of smallpox in China in 1961, there was no case of smallpox in China.

　　In 1966, WHO decided to launch a global smallpox eradication campaign at the 19th World Health Assembly, and adopted a resolution to eradicate smallpox. On October 26th, 1977, the last smallpox patient in the world, Somali cook Ali Mao Martin, was cured. On May 8, 1980, WHO announced at the 33rd World Health Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya, that smallpox, which had been harmful to human beings for thousands of years, had been eradicated. Since then, the global vaccination has stopped. Smallpox was eliminated in China more than ten years earlier than that in the world.

　　(2) Prevention and control of schistosomiasis

　　Schistosomiasis japonica has a history of more than 2100 years in China, and it is a zoonotic parasitic disease that seriously harms human health and social and economic development. In the early days of the founding of New China, schistosomiasis was prevalent in 370 counties (cities) in 12 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in southern China, with a total of 11.6 million infected people, an area of 14.8 billion square meters of snails and a threatened population of more than 100 million.

　　From the founding of New China to the early 1970s, comprehensive measures were mainly taken in China, including snail control and treatment with antimony potassium tartrate. Although the breeding grounds of snails were significantly reduced and the number of infected people decreased significantly, schistosomiasis was not eliminated, and antimony potassium tartrate had a long course of treatment and was highly toxic to the heart and liver. In the mid-1970s, praziquantel, a highly effective and low toxic therapeutic drug, came out, which greatly improved the prevention and control of schistosomiasis, and greatly reduced the prevalence and morbidity. Since 1990s, the strategy of schistosomiasis control in China has been adjusted to take praziquantel and health education for a large number of people.

　　Prevention and control of schistosomiasis is a long-term project. In 2001, WHO thought that the overall strategy of global schistosomiasis control was to reduce the harm of the disease rather than eliminate it, but it regarded schistosomiasis as a disease that could be partially eliminated. Through the comprehensive prevention and control measures focusing on the control of infectious sources, and the Outline of the National Medium and Long-term Plan for the Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis (2004— The effective implementation of "2015)" has effectively promoted the process of schistosomiasis elimination in China. In 2008, the country reached the standard of schistosomiasis epidemic control, and in 2015, it reached the standard of schistosomiasis transmission control. Since then, the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in China has moved towards transmission blocking and even elimination.

　　After 2016, the endemic areas of schistosomiasis in China will continue to adhere to the working principle of "prevention first, treating both the symptoms and root causes, classified guidance, comprehensive management, joint prevention and control", implement comprehensive prevention and control strategies based on the control of infectious sources according to local conditions, and strive to achieve the 2020 goal set in the 13 th Five-Year National Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control Plan — — By the end of 2020, 96.5% of schistosomiasis endemic counties (cities, districts) in China have reached the standard of transmission interruption or elimination, among which more than 75% of endemic counties (cities, districts) have reached the standard of elimination, and all endemic counties (cities, districts) in China have reached the standard of "Healthy China 2030".

　　(3) Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis

　　Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease with the longest history and the largest number of deaths. Before the invention of anti-tuberculosis drugs such as streptomycin in the 1940s, tuberculosis was almost incurable.

　　As early as 1933, China established the China Tuberculosis Association and opened tuberculosis clinics in some cities. In 1937, the Tuberculosis Branch of Chinese Medical Association was established. In 1949, there were 12 prevention and treatment institutions in China, with more than 600 beds, 29 X-ray machines and 120 medical staff specializing in tuberculosis prevention. At that time, the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in China was as high as 17.5 million/100,000, and the mortality rate was 2 million/100,000.

　　After the founding of New China, the Central Institute of Tuberculosis Prevention and Control and the BCG Promotion Committee were successively established in Beijing. Tuberculosis prevention institutions at all levels have been gradually enriched and developed. By the mid-1960s, the morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai had dropped to the same level as that in Japan. The results of the first national tuberculosis epidemiological sampling survey in 1979 showed that the prevalence rate of active tuberculosis in China was 7.17/100,000, and the prevalence rate of smear-positive tuberculosis was 1.87/100,000, which was significantly lower than that in 1949.

　　Since 1981, the state has formulated and implemented three national ten-year plans for tuberculosis prevention and control. In January 2005, the tuberculosis management information system was launched. In 2011, the General Office of the State Council issued the National Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Plan (2011— 2015). In 2013, the former Ministry of Health issued the Management Measures for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control.

　　In recent years, the rising trend of tuberculosis epidemic in China has been effectively curbed, and the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis has made remarkable achievements. The fifth national tuberculosis epidemiological sampling survey in 2010 showed that the prevalence rate of active tuberculosis in China was 4.59/100,000, of which the prevalence rate of infectious tuberculosis was 66/100,000, which was 64% lower than that in 1979.

　　(D) Hepatitis B vaccination into the national immunization program.

　　China is a high epidemic area of hepatitis B. The second national hepatitis B serological survey in 1992 showed that the positive rate of HBsAg was 9.75%.

　　In the early 1990s, Professor Tian Gengshan and Academician Zhuang Hui made suggestions to the country, emphasizing the importance of hepatitis B vaccination. In 1992, the former Ministry of Health formally brought hepatitis B vaccination into the planned immunization management, and at the same time promulgated the National Hepatitis B Vaccination Implementation Plan. In 2002, hepatitis B vaccine was included in the national immunization plan, and newborns were provided with hepatitis B vaccine free of charge, and newborns were required to be vaccinated within 24 hours after birth.

　　In 2006, in order to evaluate the effect of incorporating hepatitis B vaccine into the national immunization program, the former Ministry of Health organized a national hepatitis B seroepidemiological survey. The results showed that the HBsAg positive rate of children at birth decreased from 9.67% in 1992 to 0.96% in 2005, a decrease of 90%. In May 2012, China achieved the goal of controlling the HBsAg carrying rate of children under 5 years old to below 2% through the verification of WHO Western Pacific Region, and achieved the goal of controlling the HBsAg carrying rate of children under 5 years old to below 1% by 2017 ahead of schedule.

　　In recent years, the vaccination rate of neonatal hepatitis B vaccine in China has remained above 95%, and the infection rate of children has decreased significantly year by year. In 2014, the fourth national hepatitis B serological survey showed that the HBsAg positive rate of children aged 1-4 years in China was 0.3%, which was over 60% lower than that in 2006.

　　(5) Prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease

　　The development of viral hepatitis and liver disease in recent years is inseparable from the dedication of a large number of experts in infectious diseases in China.

　　In 2000, at the National Viral Hepatitis Conference held in Xi ‘an, Professor Si Chongwen, Chairman of the Sixth Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, led the updating of the Viral Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program. In 2005, Professor Weng Xinhua, Chairman of the Seventh Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, and Academician Zhuang Hui, Chairman of Hepatology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, jointly compiled and published the Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.. The publication of these two guidelines has made positive contributions to the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis in China and guided the clinical practice in the whole country. Since then, the guidelines have been updated successively in 2010 and 2015, and the fourth edition of Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis C are currently being updated.

　　1. Hepatitis A

　　Hepatitis A is a worldwide public health problem caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, which is mainly transmitted through fecal-oral route. Its prevalence is closely related to social and economic development, living habits, sanitary conditions and vaccination. In 1988, the world’s largest outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in Shanghai, with more than 300,000 people infected. With the rapid development of China’s economy and the improvement of people’s living conditions, hepatitis A vaccine was included in the national planned immunization in 2007, and most areas in China have changed from high-prevalence areas to medium-or low-prevalence areas.

　　2. Hepatitis B

　　With the introduction of hepatitis B vaccine into the planned immunization in 1992, the incidence of hepatitis B in China dropped sharply. During the three national surveys in 2014, the HBsAg positive rate of people aged 1-29 in China decreased from 10.1% to 2.6%.

　　Half of the world’s liver cancer patients are in China, and more than 80% of them are caused by hepatitis B. Effective prevention and control of hepatitis B can effectively reduce the occurrence of liver cancer, and it is also a successful case of preventing tumors through vaccines.

　　Although hepatitis B has not been completely cured, it is controllable. With the development of new drugs, patients with chronic hepatitis B can effectively control the progress of the disease, block the progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer, and even reverse some decompensated cirrhosis to compensatory cirrhosis and maintain stability.

　　In 2014, the fourth national hepatitis B serological survey showed that the positive rates of HBsAg among people aged 1-4, 5-14 and 15-29 were 0.3%, 0.9% and 4.4% respectively. It can be seen from this data that the incidence of hepatitis B virus infection has been effectively controlled by hepatitis B vaccination in the younger age group. It is believed that with the passage of time, the occurrence of hepatitis B virus infection will eventually be eliminated.

　　3. Hepatitis C

　　Hepatitis C is a chronic disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The disease progresses continuously and can develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer. In recent years, a large number of direct antiviral drugs (DAA) have been put on the market, and hepatitis C has become a curable chronic viral disease, setting a precedent for curing chronic viral diseases through drug treatment intervention. Of course, there are still some problems in its treatment, such as drug accessibility and drug interaction.

　　HCV infection in China is a low epidemic area in the world. The national seroepidemiological survey in 2006 showed that the positive prevalence rate of HCV antibody was 0.43% among people aged 1-59. HCV is mainly transmitted through blood and damaged skin and mucosa. In China, HCV antibody screening for blood donors began in 1993, and HCV RNA screening for blood donors with negative HCV antibody began in 2015. Since then, transmission through blood transfusion and blood products has rarely occurred.

　　Hepatitis C progresses slowly and invisibly, and is often called "silent killer". Patients often lose the best opportunity for treatment as soon as they find cirrhosis or liver cancer. Therefore, people with high risk of HCV infection should take the initiative to go to the hospital for screening.

　　4. Hepatitis D

　　Hepatitis D is an acute and chronic hepatitis disease caused by hepatitis D virus (HDV), which is contagious. HDV is a small RNA virus with gene defect, and its replication and transmission must depend on the existence of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Compared with HBV infection alone, HDV with HBV infection is more serious and can rapidly progress to cirrhosis or even liver cancer. Because its infection depends on HBV, improving the vaccination rate of HBV is an effective measure to prevent HDV infection.

　　5. Hepatitis E

　　Diseases that are "from mouth to mouth" have a relatively high incidence among the elderly. Outbreaks or pandemics often occurred in China before 2000. After 2000, with the improvement of China’s economic level and health facilities, its epidemic was controlled, but attention should be paid to preventing local outbreaks.

　　(6) Prevention and control of epidemic hemorrhagic fever

　　Epidemic hemorrhagic fever, also known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, is caused by a group of viruses belonging to Hantavirus. Rats are the main source of infection and spread in many ways, with fever, hypotensive shock, congestive bleeding and renal damage as the main manifestations. An epidemic broke out in China in 1980s, with an annual incidence of more than 100,000 cases and a mortality rate of over 10%.

　　The Party and the state attach great importance to the prevention and treatment of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Under the leadership of the former Ministry of Health, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of the Chinese Medical Association established the epidemic hemorrhagic fever study group. As Professor Dan Ping served as the team leader, it organized domestic clinical experts to carry out clinical diagnosis and treatment research on hemorrhagic fever. The prevention and treatment plan of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in China was formulated, and a series of effective diagnosis and treatment plans such as preventive treatment were put forward, which greatly reduced the incidence and mortality of hemorrhagic fever.

　　Second, pay tribute to the predecessors:

　　They have made outstanding contributions to the development of infectious diseases in China.

　　After the founding of New China, many predecessors made great contributions to the prevention and treatment of infectious and parasitic diseases in China.

　　(1) Zhong Huilan

　　The first honorary chairman of the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology of Chinese Medical Association. Physicians, tropical pathologists and medical parasitologists devoted their lives to the study of internal diseases, especially tropical diseases, and made pioneering research on the etiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of relapsing fever, typhus, kala-azar, paragonimiasis and leptospirosis. Established the Institute of Tropical Diseases of Beijing Friendship Hospital. The pathogens of epidemic typhus and endemic typhus were separated, and it was confirmed that crabs could also spread typhus. It is suggested that bone marrow puncture instead of spleen puncture and complement fixation test should be used for early diagnosis of kala-azar. We cooperated with Feng Lanzhou to study the vector of kala-azar, and confirmed that the sandfly is the main vector of kala-azar near Beijing. To confirm the role of dogs as storage hosts in transmission. In the study, I was infected by accident, and combined with my experience and observation of other cases, I put forward the clinical types of early manifestations of kala-azar. A series of diagnosis and treatment norms have been formulated to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.

　　(2) Wu Chaoren

　　He used to be the vice president and director of internal medicine of the First Hospital of Peking University (formerly the First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Medical College), and he had high attainments in bacteriology research. In 1955, he founded the Infectious Diseases Department of the First Hospital of Peking University, and established the virus research room, parasitic disease research room and antibiotic research room (predecessor of Peking University Institute of Clinical Pharmacology). After 1963, he mainly conducted clinical antibiotic research, which made contributions to the development of antibiotic clinical research in China. Participate in the editor-in-chief of Infectious Diseases and other works. Together with Professor Zhong Huilan and Professor Cao Zhongliang, they set up the Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Group of the Chinese Medical Association (the predecessor of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association), actively carried out academic exchange activities, and held the first national academic conference on viral hepatitis in Changchun in 1962 and the first national academic conference on infectious diseases in Huangshan in 1963, which made great contributions to the development of infectious diseases.

　　(3) Wang Jiwu

　　The first chairman of the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association, a famous expert in internal medicine and infectious diseases and medical educator, the founder of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Zhejiang University, edited the first infectious diseases masterpiece — — Epidemiology has played an important role in the training of talents and teachers in the field of epidemiology, as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis, viral hepatitis and leptospirosis.

　　(4) Cao Zhongliang

　　As a famous medical educator and infectious disease scientist in China, from controlling cholera epidemic before the founding of New China to eliminating schistosomiasis after the founding of New China, as a leading figure in southwest China, he personally organized diagnosis and treatment on the spot. When there was a leptospirosis epidemic in Sichuan in 1958, he went to the scene to rescue critically ill patients, and then insisted on field research for 30 years. In the field of leptospirosis pulmonary hemorrhage, Huaxi Medical College has established a leading position at home and abroad. Viral hepatitis, especially severe jaundice ascites hepatitis, was also studied in depth.

　　(5) Mao Shoubai

　　Medical parasite expert, one of the pioneers of schistosomiasis research in China. In the fields of schistosomiasis epidemiology, immunodiagnosis, experimental treatment, snail control methods and schistosomiasis biology, it has achieved practical scientific research achievements recognized by peers at home and abroad. In 1984, he won the "Leon Birna" prize in the 37th World Health Assembly, which was the first time that a Chinese scholar won this honor.

　　(6) Dai Ziying

　　The first vice chairman of the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology of Chinese Medical Association. Firstly, the scheme of treating typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever with low dose of chloramphenicol was put forward. Leading the diagnosis, treatment and research of viral hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever, and the pathogenesis and treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Combining clinical medicine, clinical microbiology and clinical pharmacology, he is the founder of clinical antibiotics in China. Editor-in-chief of Clinical Antibiotics and other works. 1971— In 1972, he led the investigation of clinical application of sulfa drugs, penicillin and streptomycin in China. 1978— In 1981, tetracycline antibiotics were re-evaluated, and suggestions to restrict the use of these drugs were put forward and adopted by the health administrative department. He has made outstanding achievements in advocating the rational use of antibiotics in China.

　　(7) Tian Gengshan

　　Chairman of the Second and Third Committees of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. During his tenure as deputy director of the former viral hepatitis expert advisory Committee of the Ministry of Health, he organized domestic experts to make suggestions to the state to carry out hepatitis B vaccination for newborns, which was formally included in the planned immunization management by the Ministry of Health, and played an important role in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B. Organized multi-center clinical trials for many times, creating a precedent for multi-center clinical research in infectious diseases in China. He presided over the formulation of China’s "Virus Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program" twice.

　　(8) Wang Juntao

　　Chairman of the Fourth Session of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. He used to be the vice president of Beijing Second Infectious Disease Hospital (Beijing You ‘an Hospital). Focusing on viral hepatitis, he served as the head of the national key project "Pathogenesis of Chronic Active Hepatitis B and Evaluation of Therapeutic Drugs" during the Sixth Five-Year Plan.

　　(9) Wang Aixia

　　Chairman of the Fifth Session of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. The first case of AIDS patients and the first case of sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in China were found and reported, and anti-HIV drugs were first used to treat HIV infection in China. In 1995, the national standards for AIDS diagnosis and treatment were formulated. He was the first in China to study the trend of nosocomial infection bacteria, took the lead in completing the prospective epidemiological investigation of hepatitis C after blood transfusion, and took the lead in proposing to be alert to cross-infection of hepatitis C caused by blood transfusion. First of all, it advocates that the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology should return to the essence of infectious diseases, and the infectious diseases department should be renamed as infectious diseases department.

　　(10) Si Chongwen

　　Chairman of the Sixth Committee of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, formally applied to rename the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association as Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association during his term of office. During his term of office, he organized experts to revise the Prevention and Treatment Plan of Viral Hepatitis in 2000, which effectively guided clinical practice. The Committee for Young and Middle-aged People was established, and the first national conference for young and middle-aged people with infectious diseases was held. The AIDS group and the artificial liver group were established. Editor-in-chief of the first monograph of Infectious Diseases.

　　(xi) Weng Xinhua

　　The 7th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, during his tenure, Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association was officially renamed as Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association. In-depth clinical practice and research have been carried out on the etiological diagnosis of long-term unexplained fever, bacterial infectious diseases and viral hepatitis, and the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in China has been actively promoted. During his tenure as chairman, he presided over the compilation of China’s Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C..

　　(XII) Li Lanjuan

　　The 8th and 9th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Academician of China Academy of Engineering. Director of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, Director of Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment. Editor-in-chief has published 35 monographs such as Artificial Liver, Infectious Microecology and Infectious Diseases, which are the first textbooks in China. He won one special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award, one national science and technology progress award (innovation team), two first prizes and two second prizes, and was awarded the titles of "National Excellent Scientific and Technological Worker" and "National Outstanding Professional and Technical Talent", the Science and Technology Progress Award of Heliang Heli Fund, Guanghua Engineering Science and Technology Award and Tan Jiazhen Science Award for Clinical Medicine.

　　(13) Hou Jinlin

　　The 10th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association. During his term of office, he actively promoted the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis and promoted international exchanges and cooperation. As the chairman of the Asia-Pacific Liver Disease Research Association, he hosted the largest annual meeting of Asia-Pacific liver diseases, which improved the academic discourse power of viral hepatitis and liver diseases research in China in the international arena. Presided over the "small shell" project to strengthen the standardized management of mother-to-child blocking of hepatitis B.

　　Third, towards the future:

　　The road of "big infection" in infectious diseases

　　(1) Learn to change its name,

　　"Infectious Diseases" has officially entered history.

　　In 2002, in order to conform to the development trend of the discipline, under the initiative of many predecessors in the field of infectious diseases, the Chinese Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology was officially renamed as the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and the website of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association was established, which was the earliest website among the branches of the Chinese Medical Association.

　　At that time, the predecessors of infectious diseases had realized that the infectious diseases discipline in China should change from classical infectious disease prevention and control to viral hepatitis and liver disease diagnosis and treatment, and return to the major infectious diseases discipline. The predecessors saw the development direction of infectious diseases in China in time, and put forward that we should strengthen the capacity building of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. The renaming of the Society points out the direction for the development of infectious diseases.

　　It can be said that the development of infectious diseases in China has entered the third stage, returning to the essence of infectious diseases, that is, the construction of "big infection" discipline with the improvement of the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections.

　　(B) the construction of the "big infection" discipline,

　　Improving the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections is "king"

　　In fact, as early as 1970s and 1980s, Professor Dai Ziying and Professor Xu Zhaoyue of Shanghai Huashan Hospital realized the importance of improving the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. They have published many books on the rational use of antibacterial drugs and done a lot of forward-looking work, which laid a solid foundation for the establishment of the Institute of Antibiotics in Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University. Up to now, the Institute of Antibiotics of Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and the Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Peking University have played an important role in the research and development of antibacterial drugs, clinical trials and related personnel training in China.

　　At present, the global situation of bacterial drug resistance is grim, and all countries in the world attach great importance to the problem of bacterial drug resistance. An expert group in Britain predicts that if the current situation of bacterial drug resistance is not solved, by 2050, the death of patients caused by drug-resistant bacteria infection will return to the first place in the world.

　　China attaches great importance to the prevention and control of bacterial and fungal drug resistance. In 2012, the former Ministry of Health issued the first "Management Measures for Clinical Use of Antibacterials", which clearly stipulated that infectious diseases departments should participate in the management of rational use of antibacterial drugs. However, the status quo that cannot be ignored is that most infectious diseases doctors in China are still mainly engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease, and the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections needs to be improved urgently.

　　In 2016, the National Health and Wellness Commission issued the "Notice on Improving the Diagnosis and Treatment Capability of Bacterial Fungi in General Hospitals above Grade II", emphasizing that general hospitals above Grade II should set up infection departments and establish a diagnosis and treatment system of bacterial fungal infections with infectious diseases as the main body, which provides a clear orientation for the future development of infectious diseases.

　　At the beginning of the 11th Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Chairman Wang Guiqiang clearly put forward the construction plan of infectious diseases discipline, and strengthened the promotion of the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. On the one hand, it is closely related to the national policy orientation; on the other hand, it shows that the infectious diseases academic circles in China have realized that the infectious diseases academic circles should actively participate in the application and management of antibacterial drugs, especially strengthen their own improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, so as to cope with the increasingly severe drug resistance situation of bacterial and fungal infections.

　　(3) Do a good job in the discipline construction of "big infection",

　　Infection department, clinical microbiology and hospital infection control are indispensable.

　　Bacterial and fungal infections are distributed in various clinical departments. In addition to clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, the infectious diseases department also provides strong support for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in the whole hospital. If the ability of infection doctors is weak, the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in the whole hospital will be weak. At present, the state emphasizes the rational use of antibacterial drugs and the control of medical expenses, which will greatly increase the medical expenses, prolong the hospitalization time and increase the mortality rate after the occurrence of concurrent infection, especially drug-resistant bacteria infection. Effective control of infection and effective diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases can significantly improve the operating efficiency of hospitals. Therefore, from the perspective of hospital management, it is very important to do a good job in the construction of infectious diseases.

　　To do a good job in the construction of "big infection" discipline, on the one hand, the infectious disease discipline should strengthen its own ability improvement and talent echelon construction, on the other hand, it is also very important to do a good job in pathogen diagnosis and nosocomial infection management. Therefore, infectious diseases, clinical microbiology and nosocomial infection management should be organically combined to integrate subject resources, strengthen subject cooperation, and form a joint force to jointly do a good job in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

　　In addition, hospital management departments and national health administrative departments should also attach importance to the construction of infectious diseases disciplines and provide corresponding support for the construction of infectious diseases disciplines.

　　Fourth, the outlook

　　At present, although the outbreak of infectious diseases is abnormal, we should always be vigilant and effectively control new and sudden infectious diseases in time. Therefore, on the one hand, the Department of Infectious Diseases undertakes the classical infectious diseases such as public health, prevention and control of classical infectious diseases, and on the other hand, although the incidence of viral hepatitis has been effectively controlled, the existing infected population base is still large, and infectious doctors still undertake a large number of viral hepatitis and liver disease prevention and control work. In addition, infection doctors need to improve the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial fungi and fever of unknown origin, and play a role in the rational use of antibacterial drugs. At the same time, it is hoped that infection doctors will actively participate in the prevention and control of nosocomial infection and the interpretation of clinical microbial results, so as to improve the diagnosis and treatment ability of pathogenic microbial infections in China.

　　Finally, Professor Wang Guiqiang pointed out that the future development direction of infectious diseases discipline has been made clear, and our generation is a connecting link. We hope that through our efforts, the infectious diseases discipline will be built more comprehensively and with stronger capabilities, so as to meet the requirements of the national health strategy and escort the healthy China strategy.

　　Five, subject files:

　　Memorabilia of China Infectious Diseases Department

　　In 1950, the Ministry of Health promulgated the "Interim Measures for Vaccinium Vaccination" to promote free vaccination throughout the country. Beijing promulgated the Interim Measures for the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases.

　　In 1955, the first Measures for the Management of Infectious Diseases was promulgated and implemented by the Ministry of Health. Infectious diseases departments have been set up in university affiliated hospitals all over the country.

　　In 1961, China announced the complete eradication of smallpox virus, 19 years earlier than the World Health Organization announced that smallpox had been eradicated all over the world.

　　In 1978, the Ministry of Health issued the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Acute Infectious Diseases, which stipulated that there were 25 kinds of infectious diseases in two categories.

　　In 1979, after the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the first masterpiece of epidemiology was published.

　　In 1980, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association was formally established. The Ministry of Health issued the Measures for the Implementation of Vaccination.

　　In 1982, the Ministry of Health issued the National Regulations on Planned Immunization, which clarified the vaccines used and unified the immunization procedures for children.

　　In 1985, the first case of AIDS in China was found among tourists coming to China.

　　In 1989, China’s first Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in People’s Republic of China (PRC) was passed and came into force on September 1st.

　　Since January 1, 1992, hepatitis B vaccine immunization has been popularized all over the country, and it has been gradually incorporated into children’s planned immunization.

　　In 2000, the WHO Western Pacific Regional Polio Eradication Confirmation Committee declared China polio-free.

　　In 2002, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association was officially renamed as the Branch of Infectious Diseases of Chinese Medical Association, and a website was established, which was the earliest website among all branches, and the infectious diseases departments of general hospitals were renamed as infectious diseases departments one after another. The Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine was renamed China Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

　　In 2003, a large-scale SARS epidemic broke out in China.

　　In 2004, China launched the largest infectious disease surveillance network in the world. The revised Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases came into force on December 1st.

　　In 2005, the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis C were released, which were updated in 2010 and 2015 respectively, and the fourth edition is currently being revised.

　　In 2008, the Ministry of Health issued the Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (2008 Edition), which included hand, foot and mouth disease in the management of Class C infectious diseases.

　　In 2009, the Ministry of Health issued a public announcement, explicitly including influenza A (H1N1) as a Class B infectious disease under the management of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, and taking measures to prevent and control Class A infectious diseases.

　　In 2012, the Administrative Measures for Clinical Application of Antibacterials was officially promulgated and implemented on August 1st. The vast majority of counties (cities) in China have basically eliminated leprosy (taking counties and cities as units, the prevalence rate is ≤ 0.01‰ , the average annual incidence or detection rate in recent 5 years ≤ 0.5/100,000) standard.

　　In 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission issued the "Notice on Adjusting the Management of Some Legal Infectious Diseases" to include human infection with H7N9 avian influenza as a legal Class B infectious disease; Adjust influenza A (H1N1) from Class B to Class C and bring it into the existing influenza for management; Lift the prevention and control measures for Class A infectious diseases stipulated in the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases for people infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　In 2016, the only EV71 vaccine that can be used to prevent hand, foot and mouth disease was born in China.

　　In 2018, led by Academician Li Lanjuan, director of the State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhejiang University and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, and jointly completed by 11 units including China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the project of "Major Innovation and Technological Breakthrough in the Prevention and Control System of Emerging Infectious Diseases Represented by the Prevention and Control of Human Infections with H7N9 Avian Influenza" won the special prize of the 2017 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

　　What was the most appetizing movie in China in 2002? The answer is definitely Zhang Yimou’s martial arts giant "Hero", which is believed to be known by everyone on earth. Because since last year’s "Hero" started shooting, the media all over the country have never stopped. Every time Zhang Yimou walks with his crew, there are reporters chasing him. Although all kinds of tricks have been exhausted, I still can’t get any information from the hero. The reporters’ interviews have become meaningless idolize, and even I can only report to the readers that I saw Maggie Cheung or Zhang Ziyi coming out of which elevator. Can’t help it, who let it be Zhang Yimou’s work? Such a big gold-lettered signboard is hanging there, can it be done without chasing it? Except for the symbolic premiere of Hero in Shenzhen for catching the last bus of the Oscar, those who had their ID cards checked were lucky enough to watch the complete film, and everyone, including the manager of the cinema company and the media, only saw the promo for 2 minutes and 30 seconds at most.

　　Hero, like a thief-proof version, is well-intentioned, but its arrogance is here. When it comes to Hero, I’m sure I know the plot vaguely, but the names of the protagonists, such as Nameless, Flying Snow and Broken Sword, have long been known by heart. What kind of emotional entanglements did Zhang Ziyi have with Tony Leung Chiu Wai and Maggie Cheung in the play? Is Jet Li’s namelessness a true chivalrous man like Zhang Yimou’s? When "Hero" premiered in three cities by charter flight, when the VCD copyright of "Hero" sold for a sky-high price of 17.8 million, and so on, which proved that "Hero" was not overwhelming with news, what we wanted most was to sit in the cinema one day earlier and watch "Hero" in a down-to-earth way. I also wish Zhang Yimou good luck at the Oscars.

Editor: Li Erqing

　　[Technology], also known as the "blood" of a car, I think anyone who drives a car will know something about it. Especially with the increasing popularity of automobiles, the choice of vehicles has become more and more abundant and diversified, and everyone has paid more attention to engine oil. Today, we will talk with Castrol engineers about how to choose and use engine oil and some basic problems about engine oil. As for how to choose between mineral oil, partially synthetic oil and fully synthetic oil, the answer given by the engineer is "there is no best, only the most suitable".

　　Let me briefly introduce two Castrol engineers who accepted our conversation today. They are Mr. Liu Jianhao (left), technical manager of Castrol vehicle oil products (China), and Mr. Huo Haitao (right), technical support engineer of Castrol.

● What is engine oil? What is the function of engine oil?

　　Let’s start with the most basic question. What is engine oil? Engine oil, that is, lubricating oil, plays a role in lubricating, cleaning, cooling, sealing, reducing wear, damping and buffering, and preventing rust and corrosion. For the basic introduction of engine oil, please click here.

● What are synthetic oil and mineral oil?

　　At present, engine oils on the market are divided into mineral oil, partially synthetic oil (commonly known as semi-synthetic) and fully synthetic oil according to their base oils. Mineral oil is directly refined from crude oil. The oil that has not been artificially added and changed is called mineral oil, and the synthetic oil is made by artificial methods, including cracking and polymerization. If the base oil used to produce engine oil is all made of this kind of synthetic oil, it will be called synthetic engine oil.

　　As for semi-synthesis, the more accurate statement should be partial synthesis. Different "semi-synthetic" engine oil products have different proportions of mineral oil and synthetic oil, not all of which are 50:50, so it is not very accurate to say semi-synthesis. From the perspective of engine oil, it is more willing to call it partial synthesis.

　　In terms of performance, the first is low-temperature fluidity. Even mineral oil and synthetic oil of the same brand have different fluidity at low temperature. The fluidity of synthetic oil is the best, which is helpful for the cold start of vehicles and can also reduce fuel consumption to a certain extent. The second is the high temperature resistance of oil, which has better protection effect for engines that pay attention to high speed performance.

　　The third is volatility. Because all synthetic oils are synthetic, their volatility will be lower than that of mineral oil. Therefore, when in use, people will think that all synthetic oils are more durable, and there will be relatively few cases of high oil consumption. Of course, about the oil consumption, it is also related to the design of the engine.

　　Generally speaking, the engine oil consumption of European cars is indeed higher than that of Japanese cars, which is mainly due to the difference in design. For oil manufacturers, there is no saying which product can completely solve this situation, mainly depending on the design of vehicle manufacturers. Of course, if you think that your car has excessive oil consumption, you can consider trying synthetic oil with a slightly higher viscosity, which may improve to some extent, but it can’t be completely cured.

　　In this regard, China’s national standard "Test Method for Automobile Engine Performance GB/T19055-2003" clearly stipulates that "the rated speed and full-load engine oil/fuel consumption ratio shall not exceed 0.3%". Generally speaking, assuming that the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers of the car is 10L (subject to the published data), the standard of oil consumption per 1000 kilometers is 0.3L, which is lower than this value, which is "reasonable" according to the national standard. Although from our point of view, this value seems a bit too broad, but there is no way, the current implementation standard is this, whether it is reasonable or not, a certain enterprise can only be judged by the relevant competent authorities.

　　After all, as far as the phenomenon of large oil consumption is concerned, the main reason is related to engine design, and choosing different oil can only play an auxiliary role. More importantly, from the perspective of engine oil manufacturers, it is a phenomenon that the oil consumption is high. As for the reasons for "consumption", it is diversified, and this is not something that engine oil manufacturers can judge, but more depends on what the vehicle manufacturers say.

● How do consumers choose engine oil? Is synthetic oil the best?

　　The principle of buying engine oil is "there is no best engine oil, only the most suitable engine oil". First, it is recommended that you use the specifications recommended by the vehicle manufacturer. When you buy engine oil, you must choose the corresponding specifications, and at the same time check whether you have passed the corresponding certification, such as environmental protection grades such as SL, SM and SN and various performance grades. In short, from the perspective of Castrol, we suggest that you choose the corresponding viscosity and grade according to the model recommended by the manufacturer, and also according to your own economic strength.

　　If you care about the price, drive more and change the oil frequently, you can use mineral oil and some synthetic oil, but if you drive less and change the oil only once a year, it is recommended to use a better, fully synthetic oil. As for viscosity grade, for example, some European and Japanese manufacturers, in recent years, for the sake of environmental protection and fuel saving, will recommend the use of low viscosity engine oil such as 5W-20, as long as you follow the manufacturer’s recommendation. Of course, if there is no special provision from the manufacturer, you can choose the engine oil with reference to the vehicle environment. Generally speaking, the common engine oils such as 0W-40, 5W-30 and 5W-40 on the market have strong applicability, which can be suitable for the climate in most parts of China and the use of most vehicles.

　　For old cars that have been driven for more than 10 years and the mileage exceeds 200,000 kilometers or even 300,000 kilometers, we can consider using high-viscosity oils such as 15W-40 and 15W-50. The advantages of this kind of engine oil are that it will be better sealed, it will be easier to maintain oil pressure and reduce engine oil consumption, and most of these oils are mineral oil. If the old car uses low-viscosity engine oil, it may lead to insufficient oil pressure, which can not meet the lubrication needs of the engine and aggravate wear, which is harmful and not beneficial. Therefore, from the point of purchase recommendation, the choice of engine oil is not as expensive as possible, and synthetic engine oil is not a "panacea", but should pay attention to the principle of application, which is called."The right one is the best."After all, everyone’s economic strength and car use concept are different, and it is sometimes an unnecessary waste to think that it is good and expensive. Of course, for base oil, it must be synthetic than mineral.

● How to judge the oil attenuation and what is the reasonable oil change mileage?

　　Castrol engineers said that from the test and research of oil products, the viscosity change, water content, total acid value and total alkali value of oil products are all the basis for considering whether oil products should be replaced, but these are all based on the analysis of oil products in the laboratory. From the owner’s point of view, there is basically no way to detect it from the use experience of the vehicle. Therefore, from the perspective of oil manufacturers, we still follow the recommendation of oil change mileage of vehicle manufacturers, and this data has been demonstrated by manufacturers based on a large number of experimental results.

　　In principle, the oil change cycle of synthetic engine oil is definitely longer than that of mineral oil.Generally, the oil change cycle of mineral oil is about 5,000 kilometers, and the total synthetic oil can be used for about 7,500-10,000 kilometers.. In terms of time, whether it is mineral oil or synthetic engine oil, it should not exceed one year. Of course, the above situation is mainly aimed at the China market. In Europe, the oil change cycle of some cars is really long, ranging from 15,000 km to 20,000 km, and even 30,000 km. This is mainly because the local fuel quality is good, the impurities and sulfur content are low, the local air quality is good, and it is related to the road conditions. The traffic jam cannot be serious, and the oil needed is also a long-term engine oil product, but this is not suitable for the current domestic situation. Of course, except for some European countries, the oil change mileage in most places, especially the United States, Canada and Japan, is not particularly long, basically around 5000-10000 kilometers, which is similar to that in our country.

Recently, news came from the Korean entertainment circle. Song Joong Ki, a famous actor, has officially announced that Mr. and Mrs. Song Joong Ki are welcoming their second child.

The news quickly triggered widespread discussion and attention on social media. Many netizens expressed their views on this, and some people ridiculed the amazing speed of their family planning.

Looking back on Song Joong Ki’s personal life history, he married his colleague Song Hye Kyo in 2017. Unfortunately, the marriage ended after only one year and eight months. In June last year, Song Joong Ki got married for the second time and welcomed her first child at the beginning of the year. Now, the news of another newborn baby makes people sigh how quickly the couple’s lives have changed.

When he became a father, Song Joong Ki’s image changed obviously. The public often sees him and his wife go out shopping and take care of the children, showing a warm and affectionate look different from the past. This change seems to show that the new members of the family have had a far-reaching impact on his lifestyle. For the new stage of Song Joong Ki’s life, the public’s eyes also turned to his ex-wife Song Hye Kyo. Some netizens speculated that the divorce between Song Joong Ki and Song Hye Kyo may be related to their differences on whether to have children. Considering that Song Hye Kyo is four years older than Song Joong Ki, and shows greater ambition in his career, such speculation has aroused a certain resonance among the public.

In today’s society, giving birth to a child is a great choice full of challenges and pressures for individuals. Marriage and childbearing are essentially private decisions, which should be made by the parties according to their own circumstances and wishes. The diversity of life paths means that personal choices should not be influenced or imposed by external expectations. A happy and harmonious marriage cannot be measured only by whether there are children, but by the joint efforts and management of partners. It is a misunderstanding of the nature of marriage to regard childbirth as the guarantee of a happy marriage.

With the progress of society, the pressure of society on marriage and childbirth is gradually increasing, which reflects the disrespect for individual’s free choice. Modern society advocates pluralistic values and tolerant mentality, and believes that everyone has the right to live according to his own wishes without unreasonable interference from the outside world. Excessive interference in other people’s lives will only cause resentment and anxiety. For parents, it is a valuable experience to grow up happily with their children and learn how to love and tolerate. However, we should also realize that choosing not to have children does not mean that life is incomplete. True love is mutual appreciation and support, not the existence of blood relationship.

Song Joong Ki’s decision to form a new family is the embodiment of individual freedom and the choice of respecting the principle of individual autonomy. Song Hye Kyo’s single status doesn’t mean that her life lacks value or happiness. In fact, her choice should be respected and blessed.

When paying attention to the private lives of public figures, we should perhaps reflect more on our expectations and goals. It is very important for everyone to know what kind of life they are pursuing and how to achieve these goals. The road of life is very different, and it is these differences that constitute the diversity and richness of the world. As long as we stick to ourselves and go our own way bravely, our life will be full of infinite possibilities and hopes.

Editor in charge:

　　[car home Industry] See you in car home E Week to learn about the weekly events in the automobile industry. At the beginning of December, various car companies successively disclosed their sales performance in November. Judging from the information available at present, BYD’s sales in November continued to triumph, with 230,400 new cars sold, up 134.3% year-on-year, setting a new record; In terms of new forces, Weilai and Ideality also set new delivery records, while Tucki, which had previously ranked first in sales within the new forces, fell by over 60% year-on-year.

　　In addition, Tesla announced the recall of 430,000 domestic Model 3/Model Y；; Xiaomi, who once insisted on self-driving full-stack self-research, was told to temporarily abandon the full-stack self-research plan and seek help from suppliers; With the recurrence of the epidemic, the inventory of domestic dealers has increased again; Baowo Automobile, revived seven years ago, declared bankruptcy again … What other hot events are there this week? Let’s take a look.

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■ In November, the transcripts of new energy vehicle companies were released.
■ The dealer inventory early warning index rose again in November.
■ Domestic Tesla reproduces large-scale recall.
■ Less than 7 years after his resurrection, Baowo went bankrupt again.
■Xiaomi Auto Autopilot R&D blocked?

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In November, the transcripts of new energy vehicle companies were released.

BYD: 230,427 vehicles

　　A few days ago, BYD released the November production and sales express. Data show that BYD Auto sold 230,427 vehicles in November, a year-on-year increase of 134.3%. Among them, a total of 22,942 passenger cars including exports were sold, up 136.5% year-on-year. So far, the cumulative sales volume of BYD’s new energy vehicles has reached 3.1 million.

Song PLUS』

　　In terms of sales structure, 116,027 plug-in hybrid vehicles were sold in November, up 163.8% year-on-year; The sales volume of pure electric vehicles reached 113,915, a year-on-year increase of 146.9%. In terms of specific models, the Song family sold 64,145 vehicles in November, of which 57,146 were plug-in hybrid models; The sales volume of the Han family was 31,786, and the monthly sales exceeded 30,000 for three consecutive years; The Qin family sold as many as 28,320 vehicles in November; Dolphins sold 26,063 vehicles in November; The monthly sales of Tangjia people exceeded 20,000 vehicles for the first time, reaching 20,020 vehicles; (|) sold 15,356 vehicles in November.

Gac ean: 28,765 vehicles.

　　On December 1st, GAC Aian released the sales results in November first: 28,765 vehicles, up 91% year-on-year; From January to November, the cumulative sales volume was 241,149 vehicles, a year-on-year increase of 128%, and the goal of doubling the annual sales volume was achieved ahead of schedule. One day before the publication of this sales report card, the company announced that it would raise the price of its models, ranging from 3,000 to 8,000 yuan. The reason for the price adjustment is due to the decline of subsidies for new energy vehicles next year and the increase in the price of battery raw materials. In addition to GAC Ai ‘an, BYD, Changan Deep Blue and Geely Automobile also announced the increase of vehicle prices. I don’t know how the fuel vehicle purchase tax, which will continue to be reduced next year, and the subsidy for new energy vehicles will affect the sales of new energy vehicles.

Nezha: 15,072 vehicles.

　　Nezha is still the sales champion of new power enterprises in November, and delivered 15,072 new cars that month, up 51% year-on-year and down 16.34% month-on-month. From January to November this year, enterprises delivered a total of 144,278 vehicles, a year-on-year increase of 142%. The improvement of delivery volume is inseparable from the growth of channels. Data show that in the first half of this year alone, 189 new stores were opened in Nezha. According to the previous plan, the company will increase the number of city partner stores to 450 and open 150 new direct stores this year.

Ideal: 15,034 vehicles

　　In November, the ideal delivery volume reached 15,034 vehicles, an increase of 11.5% year-on-year, setting a record for single-month delivery. On November 27th, the company also issued "Notes on Delayed Delivery of Some Users", saying that due to the delay in supply of core spare parts, some orders delivered at the end of November were postponed to December. The above-mentioned sales performance also verified the market appeal of the ideal L8 and L9 new cars, and if there were no supply chain problems, they could still achieve better results.

Weilai: 14,178 vehicles

　　The data shows that Weilai delivered 14,178 new cars in November, a record high, with a year-on-year increase of 30.3% and a quarter-on-quarter increase of 40.9%; From January to November, 2022, Weilai delivered more than 100,000 vehicles, a year-on-year increase of 31.8%, and this is the first time that Weilai’s annual sales exceeded 100,000 vehicles since its establishment.

　　Previously, when Weilai ET5 was listed, Weilai officially said that this car would be benchmarked against BMW 3 Series at the market level. Judging from the current performance, although the specific sales volume of Weilai ET5 has not been announced, the delivery volume of three new models ET7, ES7 and ET5 of the second-generation technology platform NT2 is rising steadily, with a total delivery volume of 11,072 vehicles in November.

Extreme krypton: 11,011 vehicles

　　In November, with a ZEEKR 001 car, the monthly sales of Krypton exceeded 10,000 for the second consecutive month, reaching 11,011 vehicles. Previously, the sales target set by the company for 2022 was 70,000 vehicles, and the sales volume reached 60,604 vehicles from January to November, and the sales target was completed soon. It is reported that the rise of krypton sales is inseparable from the return to normal supply chain. Now the delivery cycle of ZEEKR 001 has been shortened to 4-6 weeks, and the orders in the first half of December will also strive to be delivered before the end of the year.

『ZEEKR 001』

AITO：8260 vehicles

　　In November, the delivery volume of AITO brand was 8,260 vehicles, down 31.3% from the previous month. It failed to continue the previous trajectory of breaking 10,000 for three consecutive months, and this is the first time that the AITO brand has experienced a decline in sales since it started delivery in March. According to the official explanation, the reason for the decline in sales volume is that due to the epidemic situation and tight supply chain, the production of Cyrus Chongqing factory has been under certain pressure, which has affected the delivery.

Zero run: 8047 vehicles

　　Zero Run delivered 8,047 vehicles in November, a year-on-year increase of 42.98%, but there is still a little gap compared with the previous rhythm of breaking 10,000. From January to November, the cumulative delivery of zero-run vehicles exceeded 100,000 vehicles, with a year-on-year increase of over 185%. From the channel point of view, Zero Run opened 31 stores nationwide in November. As of November 25th, the total number of stores in this enterprise was 548, covering 173 cities.

"Zero run C11』"

Tucki: 5811 vehicles.

　　On November 30th, Xpeng Motors disclosed the financial report for the third quarter of 2022. It shows that the revenue in the third quarter was 6.82 billion yuan, up nearly 20% year-on-year and down 8.2% quarter-on-quarter; The net loss was 2.38 billion yuan, up 49% year-on-year and 12% quarter-on-quarter. In the third quarter, the delivery volume was 29,600 vehicles, up 15% year-on-year and down over 10% month-on-month.

　　Compared with other new forces, Xpeng Motors’s recent market performance shows signs of falling behind. In November, it sold 5,811 vehicles, of which 1,546 vehicles were delivered by G9, an increase of 148% from the previous month. In order to solve the problem of sales decline, the internal organizational structure and some strategies of the enterprise are also being adjusted.

　　On November 30th, Henry, co-founder and president of Xpeng Motors, officially resigned as executive director of the company and remained as president. Behind this adjustment, the management of the company will focus more on the business and operation of automobile products. He Xiaopeng himself will greatly reduce personal direct participation in eco-enterprises, devote more energy to Tucki’s strategy, product planning and R&D, and promote organizational change and upgrading.

In November, the dealer inventory early warning index rose again.

　　A few days ago, china automobile dealers association released the latest issue of "China Automobile Dealer Inventory Early Warning Index". It shows that in November 2022, the inventory early warning index of automobile dealers in China was 65.3%, up 9.9 percentage points year-on-year and 6.3 percentage points quarter-on-quarter, and the inventory early warning index was above threshold, second only to April this year (66.4%).

　　In addition to the above-mentioned index increase, the inventory index in November also increased month-on-month. However, the index of market demand, average daily sales, employees and operating conditions decreased from the previous month.

　　On May 23rd, the the State Council executive meeting decided to reduce the purchase tax on some passenger cars by 60 billion yuan. According to china automobile dealers association’s estimation, the policy of reducing the purchase tax on some passenger cars has basically reached the expectation, and 40 billion yuan has been implemented as of November 10th. It is estimated that the overall tax reduction will reach 55-65 billion yuan this year. Even with the policy stimulus, china automobile dealers association believes that the sales of fuel vehicles will still decline by 15% in 2022, and the unexpected increase of new energy vehicles will make up for the decline of these fuel vehicles.

Domestic Tesla reproduces large-scale recall

　　On December 1, Tesla (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. recently filed a recall plan with the State Administration of Markets in accordance with the requirements of the Regulations on the Management of Defective Automobile Product Recall and the Implementation Measures for the Regulations on the Management of Defective Automobile Product Recall.

　　According to the information published on the website of the State Administration of Markets, from now on, Tesla will recall some domestic Model 3 electric vehicles with production dates from December 27, 2020 to November 7, 2022, totaling 142,277; A total of 292,855 domestic Model Y electric vehicles with production dates from January 1, 2021 to November 11, 2022 were recalled.　

　　The reason for this recall is that when some vehicles wake up from the parking state, the software of the vehicle position light may make an error when initializing the internal parameters, resulting in that the position light on one or both sides of the rear of the vehicle cannot be lit. In dark environment, the occasional failure of the position light will reduce the visibility of vehicles, and in extreme cases, it will increase the risk of vehicle collision accidents, which has potential safety hazards.

　　According to Tesla’s official statement, the company will upgrade the recalled vehicles to 2022.40 or higher software for free through OTA, and users can complete the software upgrade without going to the store. For vehicles that cannot be recalled through OTA technology, Tesla (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. will contact relevant users through Tesla Service Center to upgrade the software for vehicles free of charge to eliminate potential safety hazards.　

Less than seven years after his resurrection, Baowo went bankrupt again.

　　On November 29th, Beiqi Foton issued an announcement about the court declaring Beijing Baowo Automobile Co., Ltd. bankrupt. At this time, it was only less than seven years since Beijing Baowo was founded.

"Baowo BX7』"

　　Baowo brand was founded in 1919 and was once the third largest automobile manufacturer in Germany. In the 1950s and 1960s, the enterprise was in crisis and finally declared bankruptcy in 1961. In 2014, Beiqi Foton, which is committed to improving its performance in the passenger car field, spent 5 million euros to acquire the Baowo brand, and officially revived it two years later. Since then, Baowo, which focuses on "German technology", has also achieved a short peak in the passenger car market in China, and its first model, Baowo BX7, achieved 5,556 sales results within one natural month.

　　From 2016 to 2018, the cumulative sales volume of Baowo was 106,900 vehicles, and the cumulative loss was as high as 4.014 billion yuan, accounting for 70% of the total loss of Beiqi Foton in the same period. In order to get rid of the burden, Beiqi Futian transferred 67% of the shares of Baowo brand to UCAR at the end of 2018 at a price of 3.973 billion yuan. However, with the lightning storm of the Shenzhou Department in the later period, Baowo once again experienced operational difficulties, and its sales volume gradually declined. I wonder if the Baowo brand will disappear after this bankruptcy, or will it be revived for the third time in the future?

Xiaomi Auto Autopilot R&D blocked?

　　A few days ago, it was reported that the research and development of Xiaomi Auto’s autonomous driving was blocked, and the entire business line was being adjusted. The original full-stack self-research will be temporarily converted into a supplier program. According to people familiar with the matter, the reason for the above changes is that Xiaomi’s autopilot test is not effective. If the company wants to adhere to the plan of mass production of the first car in 2024, it can only be forced to choose a mature solution provided by the supplier.

　　On March 30, 2021, Xiaomi officially announced the construction of the car, and announced the plan to invest 10 billion yuan in the first phase and expect to invest 10 billion US dollars in the next 10 years. The field of autonomous driving is undoubtedly the top priority in this investment plan, and the first phase of R&D investment reached 3.3 billion yuan.

　　In August this year, Xiaomi released a video of intelligent driving test, which successively showed 30 functions such as unprotected left turn, automatic U-turn, multi-lane intersection left turn, roundabout bypass, courtesy to pedestrians and automatic parking, which was ridiculed by some netizens as "each function is worth 100 million". Up to now, Xiaomi official has not responded to the rumor of "suspending full-stack self-research". I wonder how many Xiaomi intelligent driving technologies can be carried in the first production car of Xiaomi mass-produced in 2024? (Text/car home Chen Can)

Recently, the news that Roewe’s brand-new pure electric car D7 went on the market attracted a hot discussion, because its pricing was really close to the people, and the price range was 1498-176,800. You know, this is a medium-sized car with a B-class positioning, but the price of the car dropped to the same level as that of a compact car. It is worth mentioning that the car was built on a pure electric platform. .

In addition to the pure electric version, D7 also introduced the DMH plug-in version, with a guide price of 1258-145800, slightly lower than the former. In this article, we found BYD Qin PLUS EV to see if Roewe D7 can win by virtue of its product strength advantage in the face of compact pure e-sports products with monthly sales exceeding 10,000 at the same price.

In terms of appearance, Roewe D7 has two sets of front faces. First, the pure electric version is more radical than the plug-in version. The headlights are split-type, the daytime running lights are narrow and sharp, and the far and near lights are arranged on the lower sides. The trapezoidal air inlet at the bottom is made of black piano paint, which is decorated with horizontal structure to highlight the sporty atmosphere.

On the other hand, the front face of the plug-in hybrid version is also closed, but the biggest difference lies in the headlight and the lower enclosure, which are closer to the traditional fuel vehicle. The headlight is larger in size and blackened. The lens far and near light and daytime running light are integrated in the lamp cavity, and the lower enclosure is designed in a through way, with the guide grooves on both sides, which is very visual for the performance vehicle.

In terms of body size, the length, width and height of the D7 pure electric version are 4890/1872/1510mm, while that of the DMH version is 4890/1890/1510mm, with a wheelbase of 2810mm, which is similar to that of the Camry.

The two versions of the car’s side and rear are the same, and the roof is designed with a sliding back and smooth lines; The pure electric door handle is designed to be hidden, while the DMH version is traditional; Both versions of hub modeling are five-spoke structures.

The tail of D7 is the part that the author appreciates in appearance. The taillights are slender in shape, and combined with the curved roof, the coupe smells strong. In order to highlight the movement, there is also a duckling tail design on the tail compartment.

As for the interior, Roewe D7 adopts the design concept of Yunsu cockpit, and the color matching of black and white interior focuses on home style. The LCD instrument and central control panel adopt the popular connected design, and the physical buttons are greatly simplified.

The shift mode of this new car adopts the bosom gear, which further saves the space inside the car; The seat fabric adds diamond plaid elements to show the sense of luxury.

Two panels for placing mobile phones are designed under the central control panel, one of which supports wireless charging.

In terms of configuration, the new car comes standard with automatic parking, uphill assist, reversing radar, panoramic image, transparent chassis, keyless entry/start, automatic headlights, electric adjustment of main driver’s seat, multi-color atmosphere lights, automatic air conditioning and so on.

In the performance of the rear row space, thanks to the wheelbase of 2810mm, the experiencer with a height of 1.75 meters probably has more than two fists in the back leg, which is quite comfortable.

In terms of power, the pure electric version has two endurance versions of 510km and 610km, the battery capacity is 59.2kWh/68.5kWh respectively, the maximum power of the motor is 145kW/155kW respectively, the peak torque is 310N·m, and the official promotion acceleration time is 7.3 seconds /6.5 seconds respectively.

The power of the DMH plug-in version is composed of a 1.5L self-priming engine and an electric motor, in which the maximum power of the engine is 82kW and the peak torque is 135N·m；; The maximum power of the motor is 150kW, the peak torque is 330N·m, it matches the DHT gearbox, the acceleration is 7.9 seconds at 000 km, the battery pack capacity is 19.3kWh, the pure battery life under CLTC condition is 125km, the comprehensive battery life is 1400km, and the fuel consumption is 4.3L/100km.

Next, let’s take a look at the performance of BYD Qin PLUS EV. The compared model is the latest 2023 champion version. The car is positioned as a compact car with a price range of 129,800-176,800.

The new car is based on BYD e-platform 3.0 technology. Like Roewe D7, it is a pure electric platform. The core highlights are the eight-in-one powertrain and heat pump air conditioning, and the power has also been upgraded.

The appearance of Qin PLUS EV Champion Edition is believed to be very familiar to everyone. The overall design language of "EV Dragon Face" is still used, and the shape is almost not much different from the old one.

The headlight is designed in the shape of "arrow feather", with air inlets on both sides of the front enclosure, and black and silver decorative strips are also used for decoration.

The enclosed grille is equipped with chrome-plated decorative strips, and the middle position of the decorative strips is also equipped with the Chinese character logo of "Qin".

Coming to the side of the car, the Champion Edition of Qin PLUS EV also adopts a coupe design with a similar slip back. The body size is the same as that of the old model, with a length, width and height of 4765/1837/1515mm and a wheelbase of 2718mm, which is slightly smaller than the Roewe D7.

The rear part is equipped with a penetrating light strip with a width of 5 mm. The taillights are designed with the shape of "the mark of the dragon’s paw", which echoes the headlights.

The appearance of the central control is the same as that of the old model, and a warm sunny brown interior is added. This time, the champion version upgraded the LCD dashboard to 8.8 inches, and the central control panel of the low-end and high-end models was 10.1 inches and 12.8 inches respectively. The rotatable central control panel is a major feature of BYD cars, which is convenient to brush short videos in leisure time. The built-in DiLink 4.0 intelligent networked car machine has a good sense of fluency, and the preset entertainment APP is also complete.

In terms of configuration, the Qin PLUS EV Champion Edition comes standard with the front integrated sports seat, and the seat fabric has been re-optimized, covered with perforated leather, which is more upscale and the filler is more comfortable and thicker than the old one. At the same time, the new car is also equipped with a mobile phone NFC car key, which makes it faster to unlock the vehicle.

In terms of space performance, the wheelbase of Qin PLUS EV Champion Edition is 2718mm, which is the size of a standard compact car, so the rear space is much tighter than that of Roewe D7. After the experiencer of the same height sits in, the leg air conditioner is about a punch.

In terms of power, Qin PLUS EV 2023 Champion Edition is equipped with BYD’s latest eight-in-one electric power system. The maximum power of the motor is 150kw, the CLTC has a nominal battery life of 610 km, and the power consumption per 100 km is about 12.5 kWh.

The application of wide temperature range heat pump air conditioning and battery pack refrigerant direct cooling and direct heating technology has greatly improved the endurance performance of vehicles at low temperature.

After a comprehensive comparison, we can see that Roewe D7 pure electric version and BYD Qin PLUS EV 2023 champion version have their own advantages. Roewe D7 has obvious advantages in appearance and interior design, showing a stronger sense of modernity, and its configuration level is better than Qin PLUS EV, and its space performance is more obvious.

Combined with the listing rights, there are additional discounts for the D7. After the discount, the car prices of pure electric version and DMH plug-in version are 14.38 ~ 170,800 and 121,800 ~ 141,800 respectively.

The advantage of Qin PLUS EV is that after years of market testing and continuous optimization of car experience, it is in the first echelon of domestic new energy vehicles, and the maturity of the three electric systems is relatively high.

As for how to choose between these two cars, you need to choose according to your actual car demand.

According to the latest data from the Ministry of Public Security, by the end of September 2023, the number of motor vehicles in China had reached 430 million, including 330 million vehicles and 18.21 million new energy vehicles. With the rapid popularization of new energy vehicles, new technologies such as vehicle networking have become hot spots.

On 14th, 2023 China International Car Networking Technology Conference was held in Chengdu. With the theme of "Looking for the Future, the future of the car link", this conference analyzes the latest development and future development trend of car networking technology and industry around hot areas such as intelligent networked cars, intelligent transportation, innovative application of 5G and car networking, car-road coordination and intelligent driving, and information security of car networking.

There will be 8 million self-driving cars this year.

With the help of sensor devices, vehicle-mounted devices and communication modules on vehicles, vehicle networking realizes the comprehensive network connection between vehicles and roads, vehicles and vehicles, vehicles and people, and vehicles and application platforms through mobile communication technology, vehicle navigation system, intelligent terminal devices and information network platform, and analyzes, processes and mines the collected data through the information network platform to realize safer, richer, more comfortable and efficient vehicle operation and information service. What changes will the Internet of Vehicles bring to smart transportation? Chen Shanzhi, chairman of the china institute of communications Car Network Committee, introduced at the meeting that the rapid growth of cars has brought a series of problems such as traffic congestion, traffic accidents and environmental pollution. The Internet of Vehicles makes cars more "smart" through technology, and has the communication function of bicycle intelligence and CBS, while "Smart Road" will have some perceptual devices to improve driving safety and efficiency. "In the future of the automobile industry, the first half is a new energy vehicle and the second half is an intelligent networked vehicle." Chen Shanzhi believes that the current car networking and intelligent networked cars are at a turning point from the cultivation period to the growth period, and will be commercialized on a large scale next year. "The Internet of Vehicles is rapidly spreading." Zhang Ping, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, made the same statement. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the auto-driving and vehicle-road coordination technologies related to intelligent networked vehicles. This year, there will be 8 million self-driving passenger cars, and self-driving will account for about 13% of the total passenger mileage. By 2040, there will be about 13.5 million self-driving passenger cars, and self-driving will account for 66% of the total passenger mileage.

Construction of Vehicle-Road Collaborative Network in Chengdu

During this year’s Chengdu Universiade, self-driving vehicles with a "futuristic" sense in the Universiade Village attracted the attention of many athletes. According to the road conditions, vehicles will automatically drive according to road markings, signal lights, etc., and will take the initiative to stop and give way when they meet the sidewalk when turning.

The reporter learned from this conference that Sichuan has formed an intelligent networked automobile enterprise and car networking ecosystem with Chengdu as the main body. From the perspective of industrial agglomeration. China Xintong Institute, China Automobile Research Institute, China Dentsu, Siemens, Desai Siwei and other domestic and foreign head enterprises have developed high-quality products such as intelligent cockpit and unmanned mine card, which are widely used in domestic and international scenes. At the same time, the infrastructure has also been accelerated. Chengdu has completed the intelligent transformation of 550 intersections, built more than 6,200 smart multi-functional poles, deployed 80,000 communication roadside units, and initially established a vehicle-road collaborative vehicle networking. In addition, Chengdu has also carried out intelligent networked automobile road test applications, opened 500 kilometers of road tests, and combined with the Chengdu Universiade to create a direct channel for the Universiade, such as distribution, sales, sightseeing and smart parking.

Experience driverless driving in Chengdu.

With the continuous development of the Internet of Vehicles, intelligent driving is getting closer and closer to the citizens. At present, Chengdu can take the lead in experiencing driverless driving. The reporter learned that Baidu’s self-driving travel service platform "Radish Run" has officially landed in Chengdu High-tech Zone, providing citizens with self-driving travel services. The "Chengdu 5G Smart City Intelligent Driving Project" created by Baidu and Chengdu High-tech Zone is the first unmanned+vehicle-road collaborative demonstration project in Sichuan Province. According to the plan, Radish Run will be demonstrated and operated within 10 square kilometers of Xinchuan Innovation and Technology Park in Chengdu High-tech Zone. Eight self-driving cars will be put into operation at the initial stage, and the running time will last from 9: 00 to 17: 00. Users can call a car with one click, such as the radish running APP. Although it is automatic driving, it is still escorted by a security officer, providing services for users in the area to commute and short-distance connection. In the future, Radish Run will continue to expand routes, recommend boarding points and time slots, further meet the daily travel needs of users, and let self-driving vehicles drive from the park to the road.

Chengdu Daily Jinguan News Reporter Liu Taishan Photo courtesy of the interviewed unit

　　In the process of modernization of national governance, big data is also reflected in a governance value that emphasizes coordination and cooperation, which is the core of truly promoting the government to establish big data thinking, change governance concepts and realize the modernization of government governance capacity. By widely applying big data technology to government decision-making, public services, social supervision, social livelihood security and other fields, we will promote the continuous innovation of social governance model and improve the government’s scientific decision-making, precise service and fine management.

　　The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee profoundly pointed out the outstanding significance and value of "modernization of state governance" at the present stage. Big data is the product and inevitable result of mankind entering the information age. It can provide an important data foundation and decision support for the modernization of national governance, and it is a new way to promote the improvement of public services and enhance the ability of government governance. In September 2015, the State Council issued the "Action Plan for Promoting Big Data Development" to deploy the development of big data, clearly pointing out that in the next 5-mdash; Promote the development and application of big data within 10 years. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out: "We should use big data to improve the modernization level of national governance. It is necessary to establish and improve a mechanism for big data to assist scientific decision-making and social governance, promote innovation in government management and social governance models, and achieve scientific government decision-making, accurate social governance, and efficient public services. "

　　From Big Data Technology to Big Data View

　　No matter from the institutional level or the operational level, the modernization of national governance can not be separated from the demonstration effect of big data technology brought by the fourth global scientific and technological revolution. Although big data technology was first applied and popularized in the private sector (such as enterprises), it does not affect the effectiveness of improving the supply efficiency of public services. In modern society, big data is presented in the form of technology at first, but ultimately it comes down to the ideological and cultural field, that is, the values in people’s minds — — Big data view. Therefore, the institutional changes and action changes that affect the times are not only big data technology, but also the big data concept that exists behind it and plays a role at all times.

　　Technically speaking, the generation of big data aims at integrated and digitally operated IT management. Enterprises can combine real-time data stream analysis with historical related data to analyze large-scale organizational big data and make predictions and diagnoses. Government public service departments can use big data to strengthen the insight and perception of public service demand. Government public service departments can also track and record the network behavior of the government and the public in the process of public service supply based on big data technology, and easily identify the indicators such as effectiveness, equalization and accessibility in the process of public service supply and consumption with big data. Therefore, from the social and cultural point of view, big data is first presented in the form of technology, but in fact it subtly affects the thinking and behavior of the government and the public, and finally transforms into a cultural value concept, that is, the view of big data.

　　Communication mode of big data

　　In the process of modernization of national governance, the communication mode of big data is embodied in the website as a link, and through the integration and linkage with various websites, Weibo and WeChat, the integrated communication mode based on "website+social" is explored to build a cultural communication mode of government big data media combination based on local and nationwide communication channels covering websites, apps and social platforms. Big data provides a brand-new possibility to grasp the modern society and the information age, and also provides us with a possibility to display this era as comprehensively, stereoscopically and comprehensively as possible in the form of digital data without changing the existing state of the real world. Through the extensive use of big data technology, human beings can have a more comprehensive and profound grasp of the value orientation of themselves, nature and society, and form the world outlook, values, social outlook and cultural outlook associated with big data, so as to understand the "general trend" and "people’s will" more truly and clearly, and accordingly expand and update the value concept of modernization of state governance.

　　Big data is not only a technological and industrial revolution, but also has objective technical rationality, and it will also bring about profound changes in cultural and ideological concepts in the process of modernization of state governance. Big data has been transformed into a national basic strategic resource, which can efficiently integrate all-round data information in national economic, political, cultural, social and ecological fields, and provide important data foundation and decision support for the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity. With the help of big data technology, the government public departments make use of the advantages of flat, interactive and fast Internet to promote the reform of government services and enhance government governance capacity, promote scientific government decision-making, and realize accurate and efficient social governance and public service supply.

　　Operation mode of big data

　　In the process of modernization of national governance, the operation mode of big data is embodied in the mode of "media+think tank+industrial organization" to create a "one network, one library and one circle" big data industry service entity, that is, through "media" as the hub for aggregating resources, through the construction of "think tank system" as its own value support, relying on cooperation with various industrial organizations to form an industrial service-oriented operation ecology, which is finally different from the traditional government governance mode. Big data provides a possibility for modern society, enabling government public service departments to grasp the public service demand in a quantitative way, reflecting the differences in value orientation and preferences of different groups, and seeing their proportion and changes in public service demand in social life in a quantitative way. This provides support for looking forward to the modernization of state governance and strengthening the good governance orientation of state governance modernization.

　　As early as September 2015, Guizhou Province took the lead in launching the construction of China’s first big data comprehensive experimental zone. Experts from the National Development and Reform Commission said that the local government’s promotion of the construction of the Big Data Comprehensive Experimental Zone is not simply to build an industrial park, a data center, a cloud platform, etc., but a public activity that uses the concept of big data to promote the modernization of national governance, that is, to establish a new model through big data, and to carry out a pilot test around having data, using data and managing data to serve the national big data development strategy. Although technology is the means to embody the value of big data and the cornerstone of progress, the long-term view of big data in people’s actions and thinking does determine the future development trend of big data technology in the process of modernization of national governance.

　　Governance concept of big data

　　The concept of big data in the process of national governance modernization is also manifested in the action layout, through the work collaboration and business cooperation between different government public service departments, implementing the governance concept of holistic government and large-scale system, and forming a networked governance structure. On March 17, 2016, the Outline of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China was released. Chapter 27, "Implementing the National Big Data Strategy", proposed that big data should be regarded as a basic strategic resource, and actions to promote the development of big data should be fully implemented, so as to accelerate the sharing, opening up, development and application of data resources and help industrial transformation and upgrading and social governance innovation. The big data technology system enables the national governance system to enter all fields and levels of the social system in a full-space, full-time and full-process manner, so that all aspects, fields, levels and strata of social life can live in their own places, perform their duties, do their best, get their place, and play a better role. This is not only a technical rationality, but also a value rationality.

　　The open sharing of digital information increases the transparency of production and life, and also provides technical support and guarantee for the government’s public service departments, the third sector, enterprises and social groups to form collaborative governance. This, in turn, has shaped the governance concept that emphasizes coordination and cooperation. Big data is a data collection with large capacity, various types, fast access speed and high application value. Its development depends not only on the expansion of big data resources and the application of technology, but also on the formation of big data thinking. For government public service departments that do not focus on technology research and development and production, ideas are more important than technology. As an effective resource for the government to improve its governance capacity, big data can be used to analyze the internal relations between individuals and groups, contingency and necessity, isolation and connection, subjectivity and objectivity, so that the government can implement classified governance and collaborative governance, and finally promote the modernization of government governance thinking. With the support of big data technology, the government public service supply process can be re-engineered, and the construction of smart government and service-oriented government can be effectively promoted. Therefore, in the process of national governance modernization, big data is also embodied as a governance value that emphasizes coordination and cooperation, which is the core of truly promoting the government to establish big data thinking, change governance concepts and realize the modernization of government governance capacity. By widely applying big data technology to government decision-making, public services, social supervision, social livelihood security and other fields, we will promote the continuous innovation of social governance model and improve the government’s scientific decision-making, precise service and fine management.

　　In short, big data is a technical representation of the development of the Internet to the present stage, and what is behind it is a value rationality that disenchants technology. To make big data technology truly serve national governance and serve the building of a community of human destiny, it is inseparable from the scientific and rational concept of big data. Only by adhering to the correct concept and rational attitude can we properly grasp and use big data technology in the process of modernization of state governance, instead of being alienated and controlled by big data technology, and big data technology will create more value for human society and bring a better life.

　　(This article is the phased achievement of the National Social Science Fund Project (19BGL216) and the Natural Science Fund Project of Zhejiang Province (LY16G030003＆LY16G030004).) (Author: School of Public Administration, Nanjing Audit University)