Original Liu Kan Kan Shi Wu suo

Speaking of major shopping malls in Chengdu

How familiar the subjects are with them.

It’s like being familiar with your own home

Dig carefully and explore everywhere

Measure air conditioning in summer and toilet in winter.

I also called the phone behind the ladies’ room door in the mall

Take all the boys who have never been in the ladies’ room.

I have seen the shopping mall until recently, an old smoker colleague.

Ask us a soul question:

"Have you ever been to the smoking room in the mall?

Has anyone ever cared about the life of us smokers? "

Sorry, there really isn’t!

Because I don’t smoke

We don’t even know that in the mall

There is also a smoking room as a supporting facility.

And it is said that the smoking room in every shopping mall

From apartment type to decoration standard

There is a big gap.

So we decided

With the consciousness of smoking enough secondhand smoke

Go to five famous shopping malls in Chengdu overnight.

Go and see what their smoking room looks like!

Youfang

Location: indoors

Area: ★★★★★☆.

Luxury: ★★★★★☆.

On the floor sign of Youfang

The floors with smoking rooms are marked.

Behind the second, fourth and fifth floors

Follow an icon of smoke curling from a kitchen stove.

Is the sign of the smoking room.

Look up a little in the mall

You can see the sign in the smoking room.

At first I thought the location of the smoking room

It should be mostly near the bathroom.

After all, for smokers,

Smoking addiction is coming.

It should be as if it’s convenient.

All belong to the level of physiological needs.

Follow the sign in the smoking room.

Go to a gate that looks like a safe exit.

I thought I would push this door open.

Decoration standards should still be.

Belong to the scope of shopping malls

After all, Youfang even has luxurious toilet decoration.

I didn’t expect the door to open.

I am stupid!

This exit doesn’t look safe at all.

This weird light

A pale corridor

I feel like I came to the hospital theme in an instant.

Horror film shooting place

And I feel like I am

The only night nurse in the whole hospital

Then the telephone at the end of the corridor suddenly rang …

Feel this corridor

Not only does it well isolate the fear of the public and smokers.

It is also relying on its strange environment and layout.

Test smokers’ true love for cigarettes.

When ordinary smokers walk through this corridor,

There will still be a trace of fear in my heart:

"Forget it, endure it and smoke after shopping."

Only the real top smokers.

Dare to lift the lighter and go forward:

"I will smoke this cigarette today.

Even if something gets in the way

Dare to burn it with cigarette butts. "

Come to the end of the corridor

Turning right is another iron gate.

Then you have to pass by the strong electric well.

▼

And through another iron gate.

▼

Passing the freight elevator again

▼

And then through another iron gate.

▼

How many iron gates have I passed? I have forgotten.

Feeling little red riding hood’s way to grandma’s house

None of them are so tortuous

Finally at a fork in the road

Saw the real door of the smoking room.

Only when you are very narrow at the beginning can you understand people.

After several steps, you will be suddenly enlightened.

Only Peach Blossom Garden can describe this moment.

My feelings when I walked into Youfang’s smoking room

The area of a smoking room

It feels bigger than the luxury bag in ktv.

And there are two such luxury smoking rooms.

It should be able to accommodate smokers from five advertising companies at the same time.

Hold an annual meeting here

(just metaphor, in the current situation.

It is not recommended that more than 5 smokers gather to smoke)

Not only is there a lot of space

A strong sense of design.

Take a picture like you’re at IKEA.

Large French windows provide good lighting.

Bench, table, even ashtray.

Most devices are triangular.

as everyone knows

Triangle is the most stable shape.

Design inspiration may imply

Smoking addiction is as unbreakable as a triangle.

Not only have seats.

There’s still a station against the wall

And each station is respectively provided with an upright ashtray.

The ashtray is scarred inside.

This is a medal exclusively for ashtrays.

Every dent and trace in the bottom

Both represent a cigarette butt and a spark.

Close contact with metal ashtray

Although there are many smoking places

But I didn’t smell the pungent smoke.

On the one hand, the space is large and the flavor is fast.

And the ventilation system on the ceiling

Looks like he’s working hard, too

It’s in the eye-catching position near the door

A warning zone was posted.

Put four fire extinguishers with large capacity.

I thought it was the mall’s concern

Long-term consideration that a single spark can start a prairie fire

I didn’t know until I checked the information

All smoking rooms must have fire control facilities.

Ok, I’m the one who’s ignorant.

I will immediately apply what I have learned at the next stop!

Vientiane city

Location: Outdoor terrace

Area: ★★★★★★★

Luxury: ★★★☆☆☆

In front of the toilets on all floors of Vientiane City.

Wandering and pacing back and forth several times in a row

I didn’t even find the sign for the smoking room.

Just about to give up.

An equally anxious middle-aged man

Attracted my attention.

From his anxious eyes

It is not difficult to see in the footsteps of panic.

Big brother is addicted to cigarettes!

So I immediately followed the pace of my eldest brother.

Walk down the escalator and through the crowd

Finally came to …

A fire station? ?

Even the fire engines are complete

(Although it is painted)

But the degree of complete equipment

Makes me doubt that this is the Vientiane City detachment of chenghua district Fire Brigade.

But eldest brother was not attracted by the exquisite fire station.

Through the red one

Push open the glass door

3、2、1……

Fire！

It’s a pity that the moment the eldest brother ignited.

I didn’t film it.

You can think for yourself. Imagine.

Stalking a middle-aged man is suspicious enough.

If you dare to take a candid photo again, you’ll be afraid that Big Brother will directly hit my mobile phone.

Separated by a glass door

Indoor is a logo that explicitly prohibits smoking.

And the eye-catching fire station.

And outdoors

Is a refuge for smokers’ friends.

Vientiane City’s smoking terrace is located outdoors.

Several ashtray columns were scattered thinly.

It seems to remind smokers and friends all the time.

Don’t get together when smoking.

wide berth

Of course it’s more airy outdoors.

The smell of smoke also dispersed quickly.

After all, the smoke is definitely not as strong as the wind.

It’s just that the wind is a little cold in winter.

After smoking, my hands and feet are frozen.

For smokers’ friends

Ventilation or warmth?

This is more difficult than fish and bear’s paw.

Chicony

Location: indoors

Area: ★☆☆☆☆☆

Luxury: ★★★☆☆☆

We are downstairs in Qunguang.

I asked the little sister who pressed the elevator carefully.

I learned that there are smoking rooms on the 5th, 8th and 9th floors.

We immediately arrived at the fifth floor.

The smoking room is next to the toilet and fire hydrant.

The difference between a smoking room and a toilet is that

The door of the toilet is open.

The door of the smoking room is closed.

There is no age limit for toilets.

And the smoking room door reads:

No entry under 18 years old.

Door glass of group light smoking room

It’s brown.

And press the touch switch.

As far as the sense of science and technology is concerned, it is already the most advanced at present

After entering the door

All the equipment in the whole smoking room

You can read it all at once

It is estimated that the total area does not exceed 2 square meters.

What is more striking is that

An electronic screen as big as a TV set

It has been scrolling.

A promotional film of "Cigarette butts don’t fall to the ground" made by Qunguang.

The most special is the lower right corner of the screen.

Displays the current indoor and outdoor PM2.5 values in real time.

Carbon dioxide concentration, etc …

There may be more than twice as many smokers indoors as outdoors.

What’s more special is that

The electronic screen can also display in real time.

Number of cigarette butts in left and right ashtray

But a closer look will tell.

The cost of ashtray is not small.

"Self-extinguishing, flame-proof and odor-resistant ashtray"

I don’t know if I don’t die.

Just smell it.

The function of deodorizing should be improved.

Although there is no one in the smoking room at the moment

But I can still learn from the residual secondhand smoke

Smell a narrow smell.

Popular science knowledge is hung on the left wall.

In a gold embossed photo frame

It’s not a classic Renaissance oil painting.

But in black and white: the history of cigarettes (part)

The part in brackets is very strict.

It’s confusing for a moment. This is popular science.

Still chasing the serialization of online texts?

You may have to punch in three smoking rooms.

Only after reading the history of cigarettes (all)

A crowded bathroom and corridor

It should be redecorated.

Each floor has a different style.

Some photos are pretty good.

Theme color of the exterior wall of the smoking room on the 8th floor.

Changed to green.

After opening the door, the layout is similar to the fifth floor.

The area is a little larger.

In addition to the electronic screen

And an ordinary ashtray.

Judging from the number of cigarette butts in the ashtray

The business of the smoking room on the eighth floor

It may be better than the fifth floor.

But I’m not on the wall either

Find the history of cigarettes I want to see (Part II)

So I went on to the smoking room on the ninth floor.

The obvious area of the ninth floor is much larger than that of the fifth and eighth floors.

The electronic screen has also changed from one to two.

There are two big brothers leaning against the railing to smoke.

You look tired at first glance.

Just escaped from his girlfriend’s shopping military training.

It is suggested that the shopping mall can consider

Add some stools to the smoking room.

Girls can leave their boyfriends here when they go shopping in the future.

·IFS·

Location: Outdoor terrace

Area: ★★★☆☆☆☆

Luxury: ★★★☆☆☆

On the guide board of IFS

Location of toilets and maternity rooms

Are clearly marked.

Only there is no smoking room instruction.

So I ran to the reception desk on the first floor.

Asking about the location of the smoking room

Maybe in the eyes of miss service desk.

I am an old smoker who is addicted to cigarettes.

She immediately provided me with the fastest smoking plan:

"If you are in a hurry, you can smoke when you walk out of the door."

"It’s not in such a hurry …"

"We can’t smoke indoors in shopping malls.

Outside the gate on the first floor and outside the platform on the seventh floor can be used. "

So we went up to the seventh floor and pushed open the glass door.

Haven’t seen the giant panda yet.

I first saw the trash can at the door

Two cigarette butts that just died out.

Not far away, two smokers in overalls.

Smoking to relieve fatigue

Outdoor temperature in Chengdu that day

It’s only 3 degrees

These two smoker friends are wearing thin clothes.

It highlights the cruelty of outdoor smoking rooms.

You don’t have to play with the ash.

There is no average of 30 seconds to fight a cold war.

The ash all shook off automatically.

Also in another position on the terrace on the 7th floor.

Giant panda’s right eye is 50 meters ahead.

In a semi-circular fence

It is another smoking base for IFS workers.

Number of cigarette butts on the trash can

Can accurately reflect the IFS workers.

The degree of fishing that day.

According to fans.

This semi-circular smoking base

There are umbrellas in summer.

There are several office workers in white shirts standing under the umbrella.

The story of Zhiming and Chunjiao in Chengdu was staged.

Ito Plaza

Location: both indoors and outdoors

Area: ★★★★★☆.

Luxury: ★★★☆☆☆

Why are you going all the way?

What about Ito Square in Honghe?

Of course, the first reason is

There are no smoking rooms in Ito and Isetan on Chunxi Road.

As early as the opening of Ito Square,

@ Huang Yibai came to visit the store.

She was deeply impressed by the smoking room here.

Indoor smoking room in Ito Square

On the 4th and 6th floors respectively.

Near the toilet

Then as we approached the smoking area,

But the notice on the glass door

Block the way

Although during the epidemic

Indoor smoking room is temporarily closed.

But fortunately!

We have precious images before the epidemic.

Red brick and grey wall

The industrial wind in the smoking room of Ito Square.

There is a row of ashtrays against the wall.

Look at it in a row

Neat as a toilet pit.

Walk a few steps forward at the notice.

You can see the sign of outdoor smoking area.

And a huge red indicator arrow.

Feeling guide sign

It was also posted after the epidemic.

Because the arrow gets smaller as you go forward.

Myopia may get lost.

Four turns and eight turns

Passing through a shopping mall.

Finally arrived at Ito Square.

Outdoor smoking point

At this moment, the afterglow of the sunset

Sprinkle it on the outer wall of 468

Outdoor temperature

Compared with the sunny afternoon, it is a few degrees lower.

There is no one in the outdoor smoking area.

Leaving only an upright ashtray.

Stand guard alone

if

The smoking room in the shopping mall

Most of the target customers are men.

So this shows that

The weight of male customers in the minds of shopping malls

It’s really not that heavy!

The indoor smoking room is not ventilated.

The ventilated smoking room is too cold.

To complete the smoking spots in all five shopping malls.

I sincerely suggest that smokers and friends.

Smoke less in winter.

If you have to smoke, wear thick clothes!

Welcome to chat in the message area.

Which shopping mall in Chengdu has a smoking room?

Impressed you?

/The author of this article Liu Kan/

What are you looking at? Don’t look.

Smoking is harmful to health.

Original title: "Evaluation of smoking rooms in Chengdu shopping malls, which is the happy hometown of smokers? 》

Read the original text

CCTV News:Yesterday (June 6th), Ceng Yixin, deputy director of the National Health and Wellness Commission, was interviewed by a reporter from the General Station to introduce the international assistance, cooperation, research and development and production of vaccines in Covid-19. As of June 4th, China has donated and exported more than 350 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine.

China is actively engaged in international cooperation in the research, development, production and use of vaccines in Covid-19. Some vaccine research and development units have cooperated with relevant institutions in more than 20 countries, including the United Arab Emirates, Brazil, Uzbekistan, the Philippines and Pakistan, to carry out phase III clinical trials. Some vaccine research and development units are cooperating with foreign companies to develop nucleic acid vaccines. Some vaccine research and development units have received financial support from the Innovation Alliance for Epidemic Prevention, and are currently conducting phase II and III clinical trials abroad.

In terms of production, China’s vaccine production enterprises have cooperated with many developing countries to rapidly promote the large-scale production of vaccines. The stock solution produced by some enterprises has been shipped to Brazil, Indonesia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Malaysia and other countries, and overseas sub-packaging has been started.

On the supply side, China has taken the lead in promising to make vaccines a global public product, contributing to the accessibility and affordability of vaccines in developing countries. By June 4th, China had donated 357.01 million doses of vaccines to more than 80 countries and exported them to more than 40 countries. China’s inactivated vaccine, recombinant protein vaccine and adenovirus vector vaccine have been approved for marketing or emergency use in more than 90 countries and regions around the world. On May 7th and June 1st, WHO successively listed the inactivated vaccine of Sinopharm Zhongsheng Beijing Institute and Beijing Kexing Zhongxin Crown in the emergency use list, which proved the safety and effectiveness of vaccines in China, and also helped to solve the uneven distribution of vaccines in the world.

　　CCTV News:According to the website of the State Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, according to the China Telecom Discipline Inspection and Supervision Team and the Sichuan Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection, Deng Chang, the former Party Secretary and General Manager of China Telecom Sichuan Communication Industry Service Co., Ltd., is suspected of serious violation of the law and is currently under disciplinary review and supervision investigation by the China Telecom Discipline Inspection and Supervision Team and the Chengdu Municipal Commission of Sichuan Province.

speed up apply the brakes oil consumption second rice rise Performance Qualification/Driving Lightness Test Volvo S60L T3 Evaluation Editor-He Jiarong:

Volvo S60L T3 has qualified acceleration performance, brisk driving feeling and satisfactory fuel consumption per 100 kilometers, but it is regrettable that the narrow tires limit the normal exertion of braking level, which also affects my score. Considering that the current discount of this model in the market has exceeded 50,000 yuan, combined with its own configuration that can meet the basic needs, relatively low price and brand awareness, I think it is a good choice for the entry-level luxury brand medium-sized car.

Evaluation Editor-Huang Rongjia:

I think Volvo’s models are luxury goods in the automobile industry, so brand charm is one of the main factors to attract consumers. S60L’s dynamic driving experience is quite textured, which is its advantage. Although the acceleration of T3 model is not too fast, it can still have a good pleasure in daily driving. It’s enough. As for the convenience of configuration, it is really not too rich, depending on whether you care.

Evaluation Editor-Wang Ziping:

As the entry-level model of S60L, its power performance is still good, with light throttle and agile dynamic response, which is enough for daily driving, but compared with the entry-level models of competitors of the same level like 3 Series, its acceleration performance is still somewhat mediocre. The configuration is passable, and considering that it has a good discount range, it is a good choice if you value luxury brands.

BYD announced the upgrade of Eye of God! Since December 24, 2024, BYD’s advanced intelligent driving assistance system "Eye of God" has officially opened the function of CNOA nationwide. This function enables users to enjoy a safer and more convenient intelligent driving experience whether on urban roads or country roads. The nationwide opening marks another breakthrough of BYD in the field of intelligent driving, and its advanced intelligent driving ability has reached the leading level in the industry. This function will be gradually pushed to users through OTA update of specific models.

Map-free city navigation function is based on advanced map-free NOA technology, adopts end-to-end large model architecture, and captures and processes road environment information in real time through multi-sensor fusion perception. It can realize a variety of driving behaviors such as complex intersection traffic, traffic light recognition, autonomous overtaking, obstacle avoidance bypass and autonomous merging. In addition, this version also supports the functions of passing around the island and automatically entering the waiting area, which are highly technically difficult applications in the industry.

At present, the "Eye of God" intelligent driving assistance system has been iterated to BAS 3.0+ superhuman driving assistance. BYD has more than 4 million smart driving models, ranking first in China and having the largest Che Yun database. In terms of algorithm, BYD has a leading end-to-end large model and strong iterative ability, which ensures the rapid update of high-order intelligent driving system. On the perception level, based on the vehicle fusion perception system built by Xuanji architecture, the central computing platform can monitor the information of the whole vehicle, the vehicle state and the driving state of the owner in real time, so that the vehicle has the perception ability of the whole scene, all weather and all regions, thus ensuring the safety and comfort of users to the greatest extent. At the executive level, BYD has pioneered the functions of easy four-way parking and easy three-way parking in the world by virtue of the unique advantages of smart-electricity integration, covering more than 300 parking scenarios, achieving a leap-forward improvement in smart parking capacity.

BYD attaches great importance to the R&D and investment of intelligent driving, has a huge team of engineers, has built a complete full-stack self-developed intelligent driving R&D system, and its R&D strength is in the leading position in the industry. The nationwide opening of CNOA is the result of BYD’s long-term accumulation. In the future, the company will continue to deepen the integration of intelligence and electricity to provide users with a smarter and more convenient driving experience. BYD announced the upgrade of Eye of God!

　　Throughout history, infectious diseases have accompanied the process of human civilization and have had a profound impact on human civilization. It can be said that the history of mankind is the history of fighting infectious diseases. As William McNeill mentioned in his book Plague and Man: "Intelligence, knowledge and organization can’t change people’s vulnerability and helplessness in the face of parasitic invasion. Since the appearance of human beings, infectious diseases have followed, and when human beings still exist, infectious diseases will exist. Infectious diseases used to be, and will certainly be, one of the most basic determinants affecting human history. "

　　Since the founding of New China 70 years ago, China has made remarkable achievements in economic, social, scientific and technological fields. Among them, experts and scholars in the fields of infectious diseases and parasitic diseases in China have made outstanding contributions to the prevention and control of infectious diseases and the improvement of people’s health. In 2018, CCTV’s "Go Around China" column produced the documentary "Never Stop Epidemic War", which recorded the wars between medical and health personnel and infectious diseases in China.

　　Here, we invite Professor Wang Guiqiang, the current chairman of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the director of the Infectious Diseases Department of the First Hospital of Peking University, to sort out those things in the field of infectious diseases in China in the past 70 years. Those people … …

　　At the beginning of the founding of New China, infectious diseases such as smallpox, plague, cholera, schistosomiasis and kala-azar were rampant in China, seriously endangering people’s health. The China Municipal Government attaches great importance to the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and has successively issued a series of principles and policies to organize national efforts to prevent and control infectious diseases. In 1980s, with the classical infectious diseases being gradually controlled, the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease became the main work of infectious diseases doctors. From the 1990s to the early 21st century, with the inclusion of hepatitis B vaccination in planned immunization and the popularization of various antiviral treatments, the infectious diseases department began to return to the essence of big infection, and the focus of its work gradually shifted from the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease to the construction of big infection discipline focusing on the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment ability of bacteria and fungi.

　　First, the classic achievements:

　　These achievements are worth remembering.

　　(1) Eradication of smallpox

　　Smallpox is a severe infectious disease caused by smallpox virus, with a mortality rate as high as 25%. As early as the 10th century, China invented human pox vaccination. In 1688, Russia sent doctors to Beijing to study human pox vaccination, and human pox vaccination began to spread all over the world. Human pox vaccination has protected many people’s lives, but the vaccinated people still have a mortality rate of 2%. In 1796, edward Cenna, a British doctor, successfully vaccinated an 8-year-old boy with vaccinia, which ushered in a new era of vaccination against smallpox.

　　From January to August, 1950, there were 44,211 cases of smallpox in China, which were distributed all over the country. In that year, 7,765 people died of smallpox. In order to eliminate smallpox, in October 1950, the Central People’s Government issued the "Instructions on Launching Autumn Vaccination Campaign" issued by Premier Zhou Enlai, and made a decision to promote universal vaccination throughout the country. Subsequently, the Ministry of Health promulgated the "Interim Measures for Vaccination" to promote free vaccination in the whole country.

　　In 1950, the vaccination rate of smallpox in Beijing reached 80%, making it the first city in China to eliminate smallpox. By 1952, more than 500 million people had been vaccinated against vaccinia all over the country. By 1958, the number of smallpox cases in China had dropped sharply to more than 300.

　　In the spring of 1959, six people brought smallpox from Myanmar to Danjia Dazhai, Danjia District, Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province. Subsequently, two people brought smallpox to Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province from abroad. This time, the smallpox epidemic caused 672 people to get sick and 96 people died. This is the last outbreak of smallpox in China. With the recovery of the last case of smallpox in China in 1961, there was no case of smallpox in China.

　　In 1966, WHO decided to launch a global smallpox eradication campaign at the 19th World Health Assembly, and adopted a resolution to eradicate smallpox. On October 26th, 1977, the last smallpox patient in the world, Somali cook Ali Mao Martin, was cured. On May 8, 1980, WHO announced at the 33rd World Health Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya, that smallpox, which had been harmful to human beings for thousands of years, had been eradicated. Since then, the global vaccination has stopped. Smallpox was eliminated in China more than ten years earlier than that in the world.

　　(2) Prevention and control of schistosomiasis

　　Schistosomiasis japonica has a history of more than 2100 years in China, and it is a zoonotic parasitic disease that seriously harms human health and social and economic development. In the early days of the founding of New China, schistosomiasis was prevalent in 370 counties (cities) in 12 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in southern China, with a total of 11.6 million infected people, an area of 14.8 billion square meters of snails and a threatened population of more than 100 million.

　　From the founding of New China to the early 1970s, comprehensive measures were mainly taken in China, including snail control and treatment with antimony potassium tartrate. Although the breeding grounds of snails were significantly reduced and the number of infected people decreased significantly, schistosomiasis was not eliminated, and antimony potassium tartrate had a long course of treatment and was highly toxic to the heart and liver. In the mid-1970s, praziquantel, a highly effective and low toxic therapeutic drug, came out, which greatly improved the prevention and control of schistosomiasis, and greatly reduced the prevalence and morbidity. Since 1990s, the strategy of schistosomiasis control in China has been adjusted to take praziquantel and health education for a large number of people.

　　Prevention and control of schistosomiasis is a long-term project. In 2001, WHO thought that the overall strategy of global schistosomiasis control was to reduce the harm of the disease rather than eliminate it, but it regarded schistosomiasis as a disease that could be partially eliminated. Through the comprehensive prevention and control measures focusing on the control of infectious sources, and the Outline of the National Medium and Long-term Plan for the Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis (2004— The effective implementation of "2015)" has effectively promoted the process of schistosomiasis elimination in China. In 2008, the country reached the standard of schistosomiasis epidemic control, and in 2015, it reached the standard of schistosomiasis transmission control. Since then, the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in China has moved towards transmission blocking and even elimination.

　　After 2016, the endemic areas of schistosomiasis in China will continue to adhere to the working principle of "prevention first, treating both the symptoms and root causes, classified guidance, comprehensive management, joint prevention and control", implement comprehensive prevention and control strategies based on the control of infectious sources according to local conditions, and strive to achieve the 2020 goal set in the 13 th Five-Year National Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control Plan — — By the end of 2020, 96.5% of schistosomiasis endemic counties (cities, districts) in China have reached the standard of transmission interruption or elimination, among which more than 75% of endemic counties (cities, districts) have reached the standard of elimination, and all endemic counties (cities, districts) in China have reached the standard of "Healthy China 2030".

　　(3) Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis

　　Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease with the longest history and the largest number of deaths. Before the invention of anti-tuberculosis drugs such as streptomycin in the 1940s, tuberculosis was almost incurable.

　　As early as 1933, China established the China Tuberculosis Association and opened tuberculosis clinics in some cities. In 1937, the Tuberculosis Branch of Chinese Medical Association was established. In 1949, there were 12 prevention and treatment institutions in China, with more than 600 beds, 29 X-ray machines and 120 medical staff specializing in tuberculosis prevention. At that time, the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in China was as high as 17.5 million/100,000, and the mortality rate was 2 million/100,000.

　　After the founding of New China, the Central Institute of Tuberculosis Prevention and Control and the BCG Promotion Committee were successively established in Beijing. Tuberculosis prevention institutions at all levels have been gradually enriched and developed. By the mid-1960s, the morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai had dropped to the same level as that in Japan. The results of the first national tuberculosis epidemiological sampling survey in 1979 showed that the prevalence rate of active tuberculosis in China was 7.17/100,000, and the prevalence rate of smear-positive tuberculosis was 1.87/100,000, which was significantly lower than that in 1949.

　　Since 1981, the state has formulated and implemented three national ten-year plans for tuberculosis prevention and control. In January 2005, the tuberculosis management information system was launched. In 2011, the General Office of the State Council issued the National Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Plan (2011— 2015). In 2013, the former Ministry of Health issued the Management Measures for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control.

　　In recent years, the rising trend of tuberculosis epidemic in China has been effectively curbed, and the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis has made remarkable achievements. The fifth national tuberculosis epidemiological sampling survey in 2010 showed that the prevalence rate of active tuberculosis in China was 4.59/100,000, of which the prevalence rate of infectious tuberculosis was 66/100,000, which was 64% lower than that in 1979.

　　(D) Hepatitis B vaccination into the national immunization program.

　　China is a high epidemic area of hepatitis B. The second national hepatitis B serological survey in 1992 showed that the positive rate of HBsAg was 9.75%.

　　In the early 1990s, Professor Tian Gengshan and Academician Zhuang Hui made suggestions to the country, emphasizing the importance of hepatitis B vaccination. In 1992, the former Ministry of Health formally brought hepatitis B vaccination into the planned immunization management, and at the same time promulgated the National Hepatitis B Vaccination Implementation Plan. In 2002, hepatitis B vaccine was included in the national immunization plan, and newborns were provided with hepatitis B vaccine free of charge, and newborns were required to be vaccinated within 24 hours after birth.

　　In 2006, in order to evaluate the effect of incorporating hepatitis B vaccine into the national immunization program, the former Ministry of Health organized a national hepatitis B seroepidemiological survey. The results showed that the HBsAg positive rate of children at birth decreased from 9.67% in 1992 to 0.96% in 2005, a decrease of 90%. In May 2012, China achieved the goal of controlling the HBsAg carrying rate of children under 5 years old to below 2% through the verification of WHO Western Pacific Region, and achieved the goal of controlling the HBsAg carrying rate of children under 5 years old to below 1% by 2017 ahead of schedule.

　　In recent years, the vaccination rate of neonatal hepatitis B vaccine in China has remained above 95%, and the infection rate of children has decreased significantly year by year. In 2014, the fourth national hepatitis B serological survey showed that the HBsAg positive rate of children aged 1-4 years in China was 0.3%, which was over 60% lower than that in 2006.

　　(5) Prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease

　　The development of viral hepatitis and liver disease in recent years is inseparable from the dedication of a large number of experts in infectious diseases in China.

　　In 2000, at the National Viral Hepatitis Conference held in Xi ‘an, Professor Si Chongwen, Chairman of the Sixth Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, led the updating of the Viral Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program. In 2005, Professor Weng Xinhua, Chairman of the Seventh Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, and Academician Zhuang Hui, Chairman of Hepatology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, jointly compiled and published the Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.. The publication of these two guidelines has made positive contributions to the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis in China and guided the clinical practice in the whole country. Since then, the guidelines have been updated successively in 2010 and 2015, and the fourth edition of Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis C are currently being updated.

　　1. Hepatitis A

　　Hepatitis A is a worldwide public health problem caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, which is mainly transmitted through fecal-oral route. Its prevalence is closely related to social and economic development, living habits, sanitary conditions and vaccination. In 1988, the world’s largest outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in Shanghai, with more than 300,000 people infected. With the rapid development of China’s economy and the improvement of people’s living conditions, hepatitis A vaccine was included in the national planned immunization in 2007, and most areas in China have changed from high-prevalence areas to medium-or low-prevalence areas.

　　2. Hepatitis B

　　With the introduction of hepatitis B vaccine into the planned immunization in 1992, the incidence of hepatitis B in China dropped sharply. During the three national surveys in 2014, the HBsAg positive rate of people aged 1-29 in China decreased from 10.1% to 2.6%.

　　Half of the world’s liver cancer patients are in China, and more than 80% of them are caused by hepatitis B. Effective prevention and control of hepatitis B can effectively reduce the occurrence of liver cancer, and it is also a successful case of preventing tumors through vaccines.

　　Although hepatitis B has not been completely cured, it is controllable. With the development of new drugs, patients with chronic hepatitis B can effectively control the progress of the disease, block the progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer, and even reverse some decompensated cirrhosis to compensatory cirrhosis and maintain stability.

　　In 2014, the fourth national hepatitis B serological survey showed that the positive rates of HBsAg among people aged 1-4, 5-14 and 15-29 were 0.3%, 0.9% and 4.4% respectively. It can be seen from this data that the incidence of hepatitis B virus infection has been effectively controlled by hepatitis B vaccination in the younger age group. It is believed that with the passage of time, the occurrence of hepatitis B virus infection will eventually be eliminated.

　　3. Hepatitis C

　　Hepatitis C is a chronic disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The disease progresses continuously and can develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer. In recent years, a large number of direct antiviral drugs (DAA) have been put on the market, and hepatitis C has become a curable chronic viral disease, setting a precedent for curing chronic viral diseases through drug treatment intervention. Of course, there are still some problems in its treatment, such as drug accessibility and drug interaction.

　　HCV infection in China is a low epidemic area in the world. The national seroepidemiological survey in 2006 showed that the positive prevalence rate of HCV antibody was 0.43% among people aged 1-59. HCV is mainly transmitted through blood and damaged skin and mucosa. In China, HCV antibody screening for blood donors began in 1993, and HCV RNA screening for blood donors with negative HCV antibody began in 2015. Since then, transmission through blood transfusion and blood products has rarely occurred.

　　Hepatitis C progresses slowly and invisibly, and is often called "silent killer". Patients often lose the best opportunity for treatment as soon as they find cirrhosis or liver cancer. Therefore, people with high risk of HCV infection should take the initiative to go to the hospital for screening.

　　4. Hepatitis D

　　Hepatitis D is an acute and chronic hepatitis disease caused by hepatitis D virus (HDV), which is contagious. HDV is a small RNA virus with gene defect, and its replication and transmission must depend on the existence of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Compared with HBV infection alone, HDV with HBV infection is more serious and can rapidly progress to cirrhosis or even liver cancer. Because its infection depends on HBV, improving the vaccination rate of HBV is an effective measure to prevent HDV infection.

　　5. Hepatitis E

　　Diseases that are "from mouth to mouth" have a relatively high incidence among the elderly. Outbreaks or pandemics often occurred in China before 2000. After 2000, with the improvement of China’s economic level and health facilities, its epidemic was controlled, but attention should be paid to preventing local outbreaks.

　　(6) Prevention and control of epidemic hemorrhagic fever

　　Epidemic hemorrhagic fever, also known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, is caused by a group of viruses belonging to Hantavirus. Rats are the main source of infection and spread in many ways, with fever, hypotensive shock, congestive bleeding and renal damage as the main manifestations. An epidemic broke out in China in 1980s, with an annual incidence of more than 100,000 cases and a mortality rate of over 10%.

　　The Party and the state attach great importance to the prevention and treatment of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Under the leadership of the former Ministry of Health, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of the Chinese Medical Association established the epidemic hemorrhagic fever study group. As Professor Dan Ping served as the team leader, it organized domestic clinical experts to carry out clinical diagnosis and treatment research on hemorrhagic fever. The prevention and treatment plan of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in China was formulated, and a series of effective diagnosis and treatment plans such as preventive treatment were put forward, which greatly reduced the incidence and mortality of hemorrhagic fever.

　　Second, pay tribute to the predecessors:

　　They have made outstanding contributions to the development of infectious diseases in China.

　　After the founding of New China, many predecessors made great contributions to the prevention and treatment of infectious and parasitic diseases in China.

　　(1) Zhong Huilan

　　The first honorary chairman of the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology of Chinese Medical Association. Physicians, tropical pathologists and medical parasitologists devoted their lives to the study of internal diseases, especially tropical diseases, and made pioneering research on the etiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of relapsing fever, typhus, kala-azar, paragonimiasis and leptospirosis. Established the Institute of Tropical Diseases of Beijing Friendship Hospital. The pathogens of epidemic typhus and endemic typhus were separated, and it was confirmed that crabs could also spread typhus. It is suggested that bone marrow puncture instead of spleen puncture and complement fixation test should be used for early diagnosis of kala-azar. We cooperated with Feng Lanzhou to study the vector of kala-azar, and confirmed that the sandfly is the main vector of kala-azar near Beijing. To confirm the role of dogs as storage hosts in transmission. In the study, I was infected by accident, and combined with my experience and observation of other cases, I put forward the clinical types of early manifestations of kala-azar. A series of diagnosis and treatment norms have been formulated to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.

　　(2) Wu Chaoren

　　He used to be the vice president and director of internal medicine of the First Hospital of Peking University (formerly the First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Medical College), and he had high attainments in bacteriology research. In 1955, he founded the Infectious Diseases Department of the First Hospital of Peking University, and established the virus research room, parasitic disease research room and antibiotic research room (predecessor of Peking University Institute of Clinical Pharmacology). After 1963, he mainly conducted clinical antibiotic research, which made contributions to the development of antibiotic clinical research in China. Participate in the editor-in-chief of Infectious Diseases and other works. Together with Professor Zhong Huilan and Professor Cao Zhongliang, they set up the Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Group of the Chinese Medical Association (the predecessor of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association), actively carried out academic exchange activities, and held the first national academic conference on viral hepatitis in Changchun in 1962 and the first national academic conference on infectious diseases in Huangshan in 1963, which made great contributions to the development of infectious diseases.

　　(3) Wang Jiwu

　　The first chairman of the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association, a famous expert in internal medicine and infectious diseases and medical educator, the founder of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Zhejiang University, edited the first infectious diseases masterpiece — — Epidemiology has played an important role in the training of talents and teachers in the field of epidemiology, as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis, viral hepatitis and leptospirosis.

　　(4) Cao Zhongliang

　　As a famous medical educator and infectious disease scientist in China, from controlling cholera epidemic before the founding of New China to eliminating schistosomiasis after the founding of New China, as a leading figure in southwest China, he personally organized diagnosis and treatment on the spot. When there was a leptospirosis epidemic in Sichuan in 1958, he went to the scene to rescue critically ill patients, and then insisted on field research for 30 years. In the field of leptospirosis pulmonary hemorrhage, Huaxi Medical College has established a leading position at home and abroad. Viral hepatitis, especially severe jaundice ascites hepatitis, was also studied in depth.

　　(5) Mao Shoubai

　　Medical parasite expert, one of the pioneers of schistosomiasis research in China. In the fields of schistosomiasis epidemiology, immunodiagnosis, experimental treatment, snail control methods and schistosomiasis biology, it has achieved practical scientific research achievements recognized by peers at home and abroad. In 1984, he won the "Leon Birna" prize in the 37th World Health Assembly, which was the first time that a Chinese scholar won this honor.

　　(6) Dai Ziying

　　The first vice chairman of the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology of Chinese Medical Association. Firstly, the scheme of treating typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever with low dose of chloramphenicol was put forward. Leading the diagnosis, treatment and research of viral hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever, and the pathogenesis and treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Combining clinical medicine, clinical microbiology and clinical pharmacology, he is the founder of clinical antibiotics in China. Editor-in-chief of Clinical Antibiotics and other works. 1971— In 1972, he led the investigation of clinical application of sulfa drugs, penicillin and streptomycin in China. 1978— In 1981, tetracycline antibiotics were re-evaluated, and suggestions to restrict the use of these drugs were put forward and adopted by the health administrative department. He has made outstanding achievements in advocating the rational use of antibiotics in China.

　　(7) Tian Gengshan

　　Chairman of the Second and Third Committees of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. During his tenure as deputy director of the former viral hepatitis expert advisory Committee of the Ministry of Health, he organized domestic experts to make suggestions to the state to carry out hepatitis B vaccination for newborns, which was formally included in the planned immunization management by the Ministry of Health, and played an important role in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B. Organized multi-center clinical trials for many times, creating a precedent for multi-center clinical research in infectious diseases in China. He presided over the formulation of China’s "Virus Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program" twice.

　　(8) Wang Juntao

　　Chairman of the Fourth Session of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. He used to be the vice president of Beijing Second Infectious Disease Hospital (Beijing You ‘an Hospital). Focusing on viral hepatitis, he served as the head of the national key project "Pathogenesis of Chronic Active Hepatitis B and Evaluation of Therapeutic Drugs" during the Sixth Five-Year Plan.

　　(9) Wang Aixia

　　Chairman of the Fifth Session of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. The first case of AIDS patients and the first case of sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in China were found and reported, and anti-HIV drugs were first used to treat HIV infection in China. In 1995, the national standards for AIDS diagnosis and treatment were formulated. He was the first in China to study the trend of nosocomial infection bacteria, took the lead in completing the prospective epidemiological investigation of hepatitis C after blood transfusion, and took the lead in proposing to be alert to cross-infection of hepatitis C caused by blood transfusion. First of all, it advocates that the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology should return to the essence of infectious diseases, and the infectious diseases department should be renamed as infectious diseases department.

　　(10) Si Chongwen

　　Chairman of the Sixth Committee of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, formally applied to rename the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association as Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association during his term of office. During his term of office, he organized experts to revise the Prevention and Treatment Plan of Viral Hepatitis in 2000, which effectively guided clinical practice. The Committee for Young and Middle-aged People was established, and the first national conference for young and middle-aged people with infectious diseases was held. The AIDS group and the artificial liver group were established. Editor-in-chief of the first monograph of Infectious Diseases.

　　(xi) Weng Xinhua

　　The 7th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, during his tenure, Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association was officially renamed as Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association. In-depth clinical practice and research have been carried out on the etiological diagnosis of long-term unexplained fever, bacterial infectious diseases and viral hepatitis, and the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in China has been actively promoted. During his tenure as chairman, he presided over the compilation of China’s Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C..

　　(XII) Li Lanjuan

　　The 8th and 9th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Academician of China Academy of Engineering. Director of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, Director of Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment. Editor-in-chief has published 35 monographs such as Artificial Liver, Infectious Microecology and Infectious Diseases, which are the first textbooks in China. He won one special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award, one national science and technology progress award (innovation team), two first prizes and two second prizes, and was awarded the titles of "National Excellent Scientific and Technological Worker" and "National Outstanding Professional and Technical Talent", the Science and Technology Progress Award of Heliang Heli Fund, Guanghua Engineering Science and Technology Award and Tan Jiazhen Science Award for Clinical Medicine.

　　(13) Hou Jinlin

　　The 10th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association. During his term of office, he actively promoted the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis and promoted international exchanges and cooperation. As the chairman of the Asia-Pacific Liver Disease Research Association, he hosted the largest annual meeting of Asia-Pacific liver diseases, which improved the academic discourse power of viral hepatitis and liver diseases research in China in the international arena. Presided over the "small shell" project to strengthen the standardized management of mother-to-child blocking of hepatitis B.

　　Third, towards the future:

　　The road of "big infection" in infectious diseases

　　(1) Learn to change its name,

　　"Infectious Diseases" has officially entered history.

　　In 2002, in order to conform to the development trend of the discipline, under the initiative of many predecessors in the field of infectious diseases, the Chinese Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology was officially renamed as the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and the website of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association was established, which was the earliest website among the branches of the Chinese Medical Association.

　　At that time, the predecessors of infectious diseases had realized that the infectious diseases discipline in China should change from classical infectious disease prevention and control to viral hepatitis and liver disease diagnosis and treatment, and return to the major infectious diseases discipline. The predecessors saw the development direction of infectious diseases in China in time, and put forward that we should strengthen the capacity building of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. The renaming of the Society points out the direction for the development of infectious diseases.

　　It can be said that the development of infectious diseases in China has entered the third stage, returning to the essence of infectious diseases, that is, the construction of "big infection" discipline with the improvement of the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections.

　　(B) the construction of the "big infection" discipline,

　　Improving the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections is "king"

　　In fact, as early as 1970s and 1980s, Professor Dai Ziying and Professor Xu Zhaoyue of Shanghai Huashan Hospital realized the importance of improving the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. They have published many books on the rational use of antibacterial drugs and done a lot of forward-looking work, which laid a solid foundation for the establishment of the Institute of Antibiotics in Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University. Up to now, the Institute of Antibiotics of Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and the Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Peking University have played an important role in the research and development of antibacterial drugs, clinical trials and related personnel training in China.

　　At present, the global situation of bacterial drug resistance is grim, and all countries in the world attach great importance to the problem of bacterial drug resistance. An expert group in Britain predicts that if the current situation of bacterial drug resistance is not solved, by 2050, the death of patients caused by drug-resistant bacteria infection will return to the first place in the world.

　　China attaches great importance to the prevention and control of bacterial and fungal drug resistance. In 2012, the former Ministry of Health issued the first "Management Measures for Clinical Use of Antibacterials", which clearly stipulated that infectious diseases departments should participate in the management of rational use of antibacterial drugs. However, the status quo that cannot be ignored is that most infectious diseases doctors in China are still mainly engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease, and the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections needs to be improved urgently.

　　In 2016, the National Health and Wellness Commission issued the "Notice on Improving the Diagnosis and Treatment Capability of Bacterial Fungi in General Hospitals above Grade II", emphasizing that general hospitals above Grade II should set up infection departments and establish a diagnosis and treatment system of bacterial fungal infections with infectious diseases as the main body, which provides a clear orientation for the future development of infectious diseases.

　　At the beginning of the 11th Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Chairman Wang Guiqiang clearly put forward the construction plan of infectious diseases discipline, and strengthened the promotion of the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. On the one hand, it is closely related to the national policy orientation; on the other hand, it shows that the infectious diseases academic circles in China have realized that the infectious diseases academic circles should actively participate in the application and management of antibacterial drugs, especially strengthen their own improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, so as to cope with the increasingly severe drug resistance situation of bacterial and fungal infections.

　　(3) Do a good job in the discipline construction of "big infection",

　　Infection department, clinical microbiology and hospital infection control are indispensable.

　　Bacterial and fungal infections are distributed in various clinical departments. In addition to clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, the infectious diseases department also provides strong support for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in the whole hospital. If the ability of infection doctors is weak, the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in the whole hospital will be weak. At present, the state emphasizes the rational use of antibacterial drugs and the control of medical expenses, which will greatly increase the medical expenses, prolong the hospitalization time and increase the mortality rate after the occurrence of concurrent infection, especially drug-resistant bacteria infection. Effective control of infection and effective diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases can significantly improve the operating efficiency of hospitals. Therefore, from the perspective of hospital management, it is very important to do a good job in the construction of infectious diseases.

　　To do a good job in the construction of "big infection" discipline, on the one hand, the infectious disease discipline should strengthen its own ability improvement and talent echelon construction, on the other hand, it is also very important to do a good job in pathogen diagnosis and nosocomial infection management. Therefore, infectious diseases, clinical microbiology and nosocomial infection management should be organically combined to integrate subject resources, strengthen subject cooperation, and form a joint force to jointly do a good job in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

　　In addition, hospital management departments and national health administrative departments should also attach importance to the construction of infectious diseases disciplines and provide corresponding support for the construction of infectious diseases disciplines.

　　Fourth, the outlook

　　At present, although the outbreak of infectious diseases is abnormal, we should always be vigilant and effectively control new and sudden infectious diseases in time. Therefore, on the one hand, the Department of Infectious Diseases undertakes the classical infectious diseases such as public health, prevention and control of classical infectious diseases, and on the other hand, although the incidence of viral hepatitis has been effectively controlled, the existing infected population base is still large, and infectious doctors still undertake a large number of viral hepatitis and liver disease prevention and control work. In addition, infection doctors need to improve the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial fungi and fever of unknown origin, and play a role in the rational use of antibacterial drugs. At the same time, it is hoped that infection doctors will actively participate in the prevention and control of nosocomial infection and the interpretation of clinical microbial results, so as to improve the diagnosis and treatment ability of pathogenic microbial infections in China.

　　Finally, Professor Wang Guiqiang pointed out that the future development direction of infectious diseases discipline has been made clear, and our generation is a connecting link. We hope that through our efforts, the infectious diseases discipline will be built more comprehensively and with stronger capabilities, so as to meet the requirements of the national health strategy and escort the healthy China strategy.

　　Five, subject files:

　　Memorabilia of China Infectious Diseases Department

　　In 1950, the Ministry of Health promulgated the "Interim Measures for Vaccinium Vaccination" to promote free vaccination throughout the country. Beijing promulgated the Interim Measures for the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases.

　　In 1955, the first Measures for the Management of Infectious Diseases was promulgated and implemented by the Ministry of Health. Infectious diseases departments have been set up in university affiliated hospitals all over the country.

　　In 1961, China announced the complete eradication of smallpox virus, 19 years earlier than the World Health Organization announced that smallpox had been eradicated all over the world.

　　In 1978, the Ministry of Health issued the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Acute Infectious Diseases, which stipulated that there were 25 kinds of infectious diseases in two categories.

　　In 1979, after the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the first masterpiece of epidemiology was published.

　　In 1980, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association was formally established. The Ministry of Health issued the Measures for the Implementation of Vaccination.

　　In 1982, the Ministry of Health issued the National Regulations on Planned Immunization, which clarified the vaccines used and unified the immunization procedures for children.

　　In 1985, the first case of AIDS in China was found among tourists coming to China.

　　In 1989, China’s first Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in People’s Republic of China (PRC) was passed and came into force on September 1st.

　　Since January 1, 1992, hepatitis B vaccine immunization has been popularized all over the country, and it has been gradually incorporated into children’s planned immunization.

　　In 2000, the WHO Western Pacific Regional Polio Eradication Confirmation Committee declared China polio-free.

　　In 2002, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association was officially renamed as the Branch of Infectious Diseases of Chinese Medical Association, and a website was established, which was the earliest website among all branches, and the infectious diseases departments of general hospitals were renamed as infectious diseases departments one after another. The Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine was renamed China Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

　　In 2003, a large-scale SARS epidemic broke out in China.

　　In 2004, China launched the largest infectious disease surveillance network in the world. The revised Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases came into force on December 1st.

　　In 2005, the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis C were released, which were updated in 2010 and 2015 respectively, and the fourth edition is currently being revised.

　　In 2008, the Ministry of Health issued the Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (2008 Edition), which included hand, foot and mouth disease in the management of Class C infectious diseases.

　　In 2009, the Ministry of Health issued a public announcement, explicitly including influenza A (H1N1) as a Class B infectious disease under the management of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, and taking measures to prevent and control Class A infectious diseases.

　　In 2012, the Administrative Measures for Clinical Application of Antibacterials was officially promulgated and implemented on August 1st. The vast majority of counties (cities) in China have basically eliminated leprosy (taking counties and cities as units, the prevalence rate is ≤ 0.01‰ , the average annual incidence or detection rate in recent 5 years ≤ 0.5/100,000) standard.

　　In 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission issued the "Notice on Adjusting the Management of Some Legal Infectious Diseases" to include human infection with H7N9 avian influenza as a legal Class B infectious disease; Adjust influenza A (H1N1) from Class B to Class C and bring it into the existing influenza for management; Lift the prevention and control measures for Class A infectious diseases stipulated in the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases for people infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　In 2016, the only EV71 vaccine that can be used to prevent hand, foot and mouth disease was born in China.

　　In 2018, led by Academician Li Lanjuan, director of the State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhejiang University and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, and jointly completed by 11 units including China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the project of "Major Innovation and Technological Breakthrough in the Prevention and Control System of Emerging Infectious Diseases Represented by the Prevention and Control of Human Infections with H7N9 Avian Influenza" won the special prize of the 2017 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

　　What was the most appetizing movie in China in 2002? The answer is definitely Zhang Yimou’s martial arts giant "Hero", which is believed to be known by everyone on earth. Because since last year’s "Hero" started shooting, the media all over the country have never stopped. Every time Zhang Yimou walks with his crew, there are reporters chasing him. Although all kinds of tricks have been exhausted, I still can’t get any information from the hero. The reporters’ interviews have become meaningless idolize, and even I can only report to the readers that I saw Maggie Cheung or Zhang Ziyi coming out of which elevator. Can’t help it, who let it be Zhang Yimou’s work? Such a big gold-lettered signboard is hanging there, can it be done without chasing it? Except for the symbolic premiere of Hero in Shenzhen for catching the last bus of the Oscar, those who had their ID cards checked were lucky enough to watch the complete film, and everyone, including the manager of the cinema company and the media, only saw the promo for 2 minutes and 30 seconds at most.

　　Hero, like a thief-proof version, is well-intentioned, but its arrogance is here. When it comes to Hero, I’m sure I know the plot vaguely, but the names of the protagonists, such as Nameless, Flying Snow and Broken Sword, have long been known by heart. What kind of emotional entanglements did Zhang Ziyi have with Tony Leung Chiu Wai and Maggie Cheung in the play? Is Jet Li’s namelessness a true chivalrous man like Zhang Yimou’s? When "Hero" premiered in three cities by charter flight, when the VCD copyright of "Hero" sold for a sky-high price of 17.8 million, and so on, which proved that "Hero" was not overwhelming with news, what we wanted most was to sit in the cinema one day earlier and watch "Hero" in a down-to-earth way. I also wish Zhang Yimou good luck at the Oscars.

Editor: Li Erqing

　　[Technology], also known as the "blood" of a car, I think anyone who drives a car will know something about it. Especially with the increasing popularity of automobiles, the choice of vehicles has become more and more abundant and diversified, and everyone has paid more attention to engine oil. Today, we will talk with Castrol engineers about how to choose and use engine oil and some basic problems about engine oil. As for how to choose between mineral oil, partially synthetic oil and fully synthetic oil, the answer given by the engineer is "there is no best, only the most suitable".

　　Let me briefly introduce two Castrol engineers who accepted our conversation today. They are Mr. Liu Jianhao (left), technical manager of Castrol vehicle oil products (China), and Mr. Huo Haitao (right), technical support engineer of Castrol.

● What is engine oil? What is the function of engine oil?

　　Let’s start with the most basic question. What is engine oil? Engine oil, that is, lubricating oil, plays a role in lubricating, cleaning, cooling, sealing, reducing wear, damping and buffering, and preventing rust and corrosion. For the basic introduction of engine oil, please click here.

● What are synthetic oil and mineral oil?

　　At present, engine oils on the market are divided into mineral oil, partially synthetic oil (commonly known as semi-synthetic) and fully synthetic oil according to their base oils. Mineral oil is directly refined from crude oil. The oil that has not been artificially added and changed is called mineral oil, and the synthetic oil is made by artificial methods, including cracking and polymerization. If the base oil used to produce engine oil is all made of this kind of synthetic oil, it will be called synthetic engine oil.

　　As for semi-synthesis, the more accurate statement should be partial synthesis. Different "semi-synthetic" engine oil products have different proportions of mineral oil and synthetic oil, not all of which are 50:50, so it is not very accurate to say semi-synthesis. From the perspective of engine oil, it is more willing to call it partial synthesis.

　　In terms of performance, the first is low-temperature fluidity. Even mineral oil and synthetic oil of the same brand have different fluidity at low temperature. The fluidity of synthetic oil is the best, which is helpful for the cold start of vehicles and can also reduce fuel consumption to a certain extent. The second is the high temperature resistance of oil, which has better protection effect for engines that pay attention to high speed performance.

　　The third is volatility. Because all synthetic oils are synthetic, their volatility will be lower than that of mineral oil. Therefore, when in use, people will think that all synthetic oils are more durable, and there will be relatively few cases of high oil consumption. Of course, about the oil consumption, it is also related to the design of the engine.

　　Generally speaking, the engine oil consumption of European cars is indeed higher than that of Japanese cars, which is mainly due to the difference in design. For oil manufacturers, there is no saying which product can completely solve this situation, mainly depending on the design of vehicle manufacturers. Of course, if you think that your car has excessive oil consumption, you can consider trying synthetic oil with a slightly higher viscosity, which may improve to some extent, but it can’t be completely cured.

　　In this regard, China’s national standard "Test Method for Automobile Engine Performance GB/T19055-2003" clearly stipulates that "the rated speed and full-load engine oil/fuel consumption ratio shall not exceed 0.3%". Generally speaking, assuming that the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers of the car is 10L (subject to the published data), the standard of oil consumption per 1000 kilometers is 0.3L, which is lower than this value, which is "reasonable" according to the national standard. Although from our point of view, this value seems a bit too broad, but there is no way, the current implementation standard is this, whether it is reasonable or not, a certain enterprise can only be judged by the relevant competent authorities.

　　After all, as far as the phenomenon of large oil consumption is concerned, the main reason is related to engine design, and choosing different oil can only play an auxiliary role. More importantly, from the perspective of engine oil manufacturers, it is a phenomenon that the oil consumption is high. As for the reasons for "consumption", it is diversified, and this is not something that engine oil manufacturers can judge, but more depends on what the vehicle manufacturers say.

● How do consumers choose engine oil? Is synthetic oil the best?

　　The principle of buying engine oil is "there is no best engine oil, only the most suitable engine oil". First, it is recommended that you use the specifications recommended by the vehicle manufacturer. When you buy engine oil, you must choose the corresponding specifications, and at the same time check whether you have passed the corresponding certification, such as environmental protection grades such as SL, SM and SN and various performance grades. In short, from the perspective of Castrol, we suggest that you choose the corresponding viscosity and grade according to the model recommended by the manufacturer, and also according to your own economic strength.

　　If you care about the price, drive more and change the oil frequently, you can use mineral oil and some synthetic oil, but if you drive less and change the oil only once a year, it is recommended to use a better, fully synthetic oil. As for viscosity grade, for example, some European and Japanese manufacturers, in recent years, for the sake of environmental protection and fuel saving, will recommend the use of low viscosity engine oil such as 5W-20, as long as you follow the manufacturer’s recommendation. Of course, if there is no special provision from the manufacturer, you can choose the engine oil with reference to the vehicle environment. Generally speaking, the common engine oils such as 0W-40, 5W-30 and 5W-40 on the market have strong applicability, which can be suitable for the climate in most parts of China and the use of most vehicles.

　　For old cars that have been driven for more than 10 years and the mileage exceeds 200,000 kilometers or even 300,000 kilometers, we can consider using high-viscosity oils such as 15W-40 and 15W-50. The advantages of this kind of engine oil are that it will be better sealed, it will be easier to maintain oil pressure and reduce engine oil consumption, and most of these oils are mineral oil. If the old car uses low-viscosity engine oil, it may lead to insufficient oil pressure, which can not meet the lubrication needs of the engine and aggravate wear, which is harmful and not beneficial. Therefore, from the point of purchase recommendation, the choice of engine oil is not as expensive as possible, and synthetic engine oil is not a "panacea", but should pay attention to the principle of application, which is called."The right one is the best."After all, everyone’s economic strength and car use concept are different, and it is sometimes an unnecessary waste to think that it is good and expensive. Of course, for base oil, it must be synthetic than mineral.

● How to judge the oil attenuation and what is the reasonable oil change mileage?

　　Castrol engineers said that from the test and research of oil products, the viscosity change, water content, total acid value and total alkali value of oil products are all the basis for considering whether oil products should be replaced, but these are all based on the analysis of oil products in the laboratory. From the owner’s point of view, there is basically no way to detect it from the use experience of the vehicle. Therefore, from the perspective of oil manufacturers, we still follow the recommendation of oil change mileage of vehicle manufacturers, and this data has been demonstrated by manufacturers based on a large number of experimental results.

　　In principle, the oil change cycle of synthetic engine oil is definitely longer than that of mineral oil.Generally, the oil change cycle of mineral oil is about 5,000 kilometers, and the total synthetic oil can be used for about 7,500-10,000 kilometers.. In terms of time, whether it is mineral oil or synthetic engine oil, it should not exceed one year. Of course, the above situation is mainly aimed at the China market. In Europe, the oil change cycle of some cars is really long, ranging from 15,000 km to 20,000 km, and even 30,000 km. This is mainly because the local fuel quality is good, the impurities and sulfur content are low, the local air quality is good, and it is related to the road conditions. The traffic jam cannot be serious, and the oil needed is also a long-term engine oil product, but this is not suitable for the current domestic situation. Of course, except for some European countries, the oil change mileage in most places, especially the United States, Canada and Japan, is not particularly long, basically around 5000-10000 kilometers, which is similar to that in our country.

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eπ008的外观设计充满力量感，前脸部分采用锋利的线条和独特的进气格栅设计，营造出强烈的视觉冲击力。整体风格简洁而富有科技感，流畅的车身线条和低矮的车身姿态使其在路上显得格外引人注目。

eπ008以其5002*1972*1732mm的车身尺寸和3025mm的轴距，展现出宽敞的内部空间和大气的外观设计。车侧线条流畅，搭配265/45 R21规格的轮胎和21英寸的轮圈，进一步提升了车辆的运动感和视觉冲击力。

eπ008的内饰设计兼具现代感与舒适性，采用皮质方向盘，支持手动上下和前后调节，带来良好的握持感和驾驶体验。中控台配备15.6英寸高清触控屏，集成了多媒体系统、导航、电话和空调的语音识别控制系统，操作便捷，信息一目了然。座椅采用高品质仿皮材质，主驾和副驾座椅提供丰富的调节选项，包括前后调节、靠背调节、高低调节和腰部支撑调节，具备加热、通风功能，其中主驾座椅还配备了头枕扬声器，提升驾乘舒适度。前排和后排均配备电动座椅记忆功能，方便驾驶员和乘客调整至最舒适的坐姿。第二排座椅可前后调节和靠背调节，还具备腿托调节功能，提供更灵活的空间布局。此外，车内还设有多个USB和Type-C接口，包括前排2个和后排3个，支持手机无线充电功能，确保驾驶过程中的便利性。

eπ008搭载了一台1.5T涡轮增压发动机，最大功率为108kW，最大扭矩为210N·m，以强劲的动力输出满足驾驶者对动力的需求。采用先进的L4发动机技术，与电动车单速变速箱搭配，提供平顺、高效的驾驶体验。

汽车之家车主表示，eπ008的颜色是向阳金，外观大气、中规中矩，不会出错。送的21寸马牌轮胎，让下身更扎实。车尾造型增加了后备箱空间，他给予高度评价。

According to the latest data from the Ministry of Public Security, by the end of September 2023, the number of motor vehicles in China had reached 430 million, including 330 million vehicles and 18.21 million new energy vehicles. With the rapid popularization of new energy vehicles, new technologies such as vehicle networking have become hot spots.

On 14th, 2023 China International Car Networking Technology Conference was held in Chengdu. With the theme of "Looking for the Future, the future of the car link", this conference analyzes the latest development and future development trend of car networking technology and industry around hot areas such as intelligent networked cars, intelligent transportation, innovative application of 5G and car networking, car-road coordination and intelligent driving, and information security of car networking.

There will be 8 million self-driving cars this year.

With the help of sensor devices, vehicle-mounted devices and communication modules on vehicles, vehicle networking realizes the comprehensive network connection between vehicles and roads, vehicles and vehicles, vehicles and people, and vehicles and application platforms through mobile communication technology, vehicle navigation system, intelligent terminal devices and information network platform, and analyzes, processes and mines the collected data through the information network platform to realize safer, richer, more comfortable and efficient vehicle operation and information service. What changes will the Internet of Vehicles bring to smart transportation? Chen Shanzhi, chairman of the china institute of communications Car Network Committee, introduced at the meeting that the rapid growth of cars has brought a series of problems such as traffic congestion, traffic accidents and environmental pollution. The Internet of Vehicles makes cars more "smart" through technology, and has the communication function of bicycle intelligence and CBS, while "Smart Road" will have some perceptual devices to improve driving safety and efficiency. "In the future of the automobile industry, the first half is a new energy vehicle and the second half is an intelligent networked vehicle." Chen Shanzhi believes that the current car networking and intelligent networked cars are at a turning point from the cultivation period to the growth period, and will be commercialized on a large scale next year. "The Internet of Vehicles is rapidly spreading." Zhang Ping, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, made the same statement. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the auto-driving and vehicle-road coordination technologies related to intelligent networked vehicles. This year, there will be 8 million self-driving passenger cars, and self-driving will account for about 13% of the total passenger mileage. By 2040, there will be about 13.5 million self-driving passenger cars, and self-driving will account for 66% of the total passenger mileage.

Construction of Vehicle-Road Collaborative Network in Chengdu

During this year’s Chengdu Universiade, self-driving vehicles with a "futuristic" sense in the Universiade Village attracted the attention of many athletes. According to the road conditions, vehicles will automatically drive according to road markings, signal lights, etc., and will take the initiative to stop and give way when they meet the sidewalk when turning.

The reporter learned from this conference that Sichuan has formed an intelligent networked automobile enterprise and car networking ecosystem with Chengdu as the main body. From the perspective of industrial agglomeration. China Xintong Institute, China Automobile Research Institute, China Dentsu, Siemens, Desai Siwei and other domestic and foreign head enterprises have developed high-quality products such as intelligent cockpit and unmanned mine card, which are widely used in domestic and international scenes. At the same time, the infrastructure has also been accelerated. Chengdu has completed the intelligent transformation of 550 intersections, built more than 6,200 smart multi-functional poles, deployed 80,000 communication roadside units, and initially established a vehicle-road collaborative vehicle networking. In addition, Chengdu has also carried out intelligent networked automobile road test applications, opened 500 kilometers of road tests, and combined with the Chengdu Universiade to create a direct channel for the Universiade, such as distribution, sales, sightseeing and smart parking.

Experience driverless driving in Chengdu.

With the continuous development of the Internet of Vehicles, intelligent driving is getting closer and closer to the citizens. At present, Chengdu can take the lead in experiencing driverless driving. The reporter learned that Baidu’s self-driving travel service platform "Radish Run" has officially landed in Chengdu High-tech Zone, providing citizens with self-driving travel services. The "Chengdu 5G Smart City Intelligent Driving Project" created by Baidu and Chengdu High-tech Zone is the first unmanned+vehicle-road collaborative demonstration project in Sichuan Province. According to the plan, Radish Run will be demonstrated and operated within 10 square kilometers of Xinchuan Innovation and Technology Park in Chengdu High-tech Zone. Eight self-driving cars will be put into operation at the initial stage, and the running time will last from 9: 00 to 17: 00. Users can call a car with one click, such as the radish running APP. Although it is automatic driving, it is still escorted by a security officer, providing services for users in the area to commute and short-distance connection. In the future, Radish Run will continue to expand routes, recommend boarding points and time slots, further meet the daily travel needs of users, and let self-driving vehicles drive from the park to the road.

Chengdu Daily Jinguan News Reporter Liu Taishan Photo courtesy of the interviewed unit