CCTV News:According to the website of the State Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, according to the China Telecom Discipline Inspection and Supervision Team and the Sichuan Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection, Deng Chang, the former Party Secretary and General Manager of China Telecom Sichuan Communication Industry Service Co., Ltd., is suspected of serious violation of the law and is currently under disciplinary review and supervision investigation by the China Telecom Discipline Inspection and Supervision Team and the Chengdu Municipal Commission of Sichuan Province.

speed up apply the brakes oil consumption second rice rise Performance Qualification/Driving Lightness Test Volvo S60L T3 Evaluation Editor-He Jiarong:

Volvo S60L T3 has qualified acceleration performance, brisk driving feeling and satisfactory fuel consumption per 100 kilometers, but it is regrettable that the narrow tires limit the normal exertion of braking level, which also affects my score. Considering that the current discount of this model in the market has exceeded 50,000 yuan, combined with its own configuration that can meet the basic needs, relatively low price and brand awareness, I think it is a good choice for the entry-level luxury brand medium-sized car.

Evaluation Editor-Huang Rongjia:

I think Volvo’s models are luxury goods in the automobile industry, so brand charm is one of the main factors to attract consumers. S60L’s dynamic driving experience is quite textured, which is its advantage. Although the acceleration of T3 model is not too fast, it can still have a good pleasure in daily driving. It’s enough. As for the convenience of configuration, it is really not too rich, depending on whether you care.

Evaluation Editor-Wang Ziping:

As the entry-level model of S60L, its power performance is still good, with light throttle and agile dynamic response, which is enough for daily driving, but compared with the entry-level models of competitors of the same level like 3 Series, its acceleration performance is still somewhat mediocre. The configuration is passable, and considering that it has a good discount range, it is a good choice if you value luxury brands.

　　　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing (Reporter Chen Yuming) The China Trade Union will hold its 15th National Congress on the 17th. Today, 30 years ago, another very important congress of trade unions in China-the Ninth National Congress is also in progress.

　　　　It was the Ninth Congress of the Trade Union that brought new opportunities to the China trade union movement, which was completely paralyzed by the catastrophe of the Cultural Revolution, and the trade union work began to recover and develop in an all-round way.

　　　　Over the past 30 years, under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), trade unions have adapted to the new requirements of the development of the times, regarded safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of workers as a sacred duty, and made efforts to build trade unions into a real "home for workers".

　　　　Trade union members range from 50 million to 209 million.

　　　　"By the end of June 2008, the number of grass-roots trade union organizations nationwide had reached 1,702,400, covering 3,556,000 units; The total number of trade union members in China has reached 209 million … "This is the result of the formation of trade unions announced at the press conference of the 15th National Congress of China Trade Unions held recently.

　　　　Thirty years ago, there were only about 300,000 grass-roots trade union organizations in China, and the total number of trade union members in China was only 50 million.

　　　　"The substantial increase in the number of grass-roots organizations and trade union members in the country is by no means a simple change in the concept of numbers." The relevant person in charge of the ACFTU said that in order to effectively play the role of the Party as a bridge between the workers and the masses, trade unions must organize workers into trade unions to the maximum extent and earnestly safeguard their legitimate rights and interests.

　　　　Over the past 30 years, trade unions in China have been forging ahead in the tide of reform, opening up and socialist modernization. From the late 1970s to the 1980s, trade union work gradually resumed development. By the 1990s, with the rapid growth of the non-public sector of the economy, trade unions in China consolidated their traditional positions in state-owned and collective enterprises, and on the other hand, made efforts to expand the territory in the new field of the non-public sector of the economy.

　　　　In the 21st century, trade unions in China clearly put forward that the establishment of trade unions and the development of members should be the top priority of trade union work, and showed the policy of "organizing and earnestly safeguarding rights", and vigorously promoted the establishment of trade unions by new economic organizations and new social organizations, which made the establishment of trade unions achieve great development.

　　　　Today, China trade unions have not only overcome the difficult problem of establishing Wal-Mart’s trade unions, but also achieved remarkable results in exploring the organizational forms and systems of grass-roots trade unions. Various organizational forms, such as market trade unions, project trade unions, building trade unions, and agricultural industrial chain trade unions, have been summarized and popularized, and the "small three-level" organizational network of township (street) trade unions, village (community) trade unions and enterprise trade unions has basically taken shape, and the mechanism for producing the chairmen of grass-roots trade unions has been improved day by day, which has provided a long-term mechanism guarantee for the development and growth of trade unions.

　　　　It is particularly noteworthy that migrant workers, as a new force in the workforce, are increasingly joining trade union organizations. Statistics show that as of June this year, there are 66.746 million migrant workers in the national trade unions, and the development potential is huge.

　　　　A major breakthrough in the formation of trade unions and the development of members has consolidated the party’s class foundation and expanded the party’s mass base. Trade unions in China have become a well-deserved and strong pillar in the construction of state power.

　　　　Effectively safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of employees

　　　　"Organize, earnestly safeguard rights", "worker-oriented, take the initiative to scientifically safeguard rights according to law" … Nowadays, if you walk into the office of any trade union casually, you can always see these words that embody the theoretical innovation achievements of trade union work in China.

　　　　In April 1983, when studying the Outline of the Work Report of the Tenth National Congress of Trade Unions in China and other documents, Secretary the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly stated that "the nature and task of trade unions should be an organization that represents the interests of the working class and works for the working class under the leadership of the party."

　　　　In the 1990s, the rapid development of the non-public sector of the economy has brought about the diversification and complexity of labor relations, and the problem of infringing on the rights and interests of workers has become increasingly prominent. In this context, the first Labor Law of New China was promulgated in July 1994. Article 7 of the law stipulates that "trade unions represent and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of workers."

　　　　On the basis of summarizing the practice of safeguarding rights for many years, the newly revised Trade Union Law in 2001 clearly stipulates that "safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of employees is the basic duty of trade unions." In the new century, especially since the 14th Congress of China Trade Union, with the deepening of practice, the theory of trade union rights protection has been greatly enriched and developed.

　　　　While the theory of safeguarding rights is constantly innovating and sublimating, trade unions at all levels have achieved increasingly fruitful results in safeguarding rights in practice.

　　　　On the one hand, in order to adapt to the deep adjustment of social and economic structure, trade unions at all levels have strengthened their participation in the source and established and improved a series of rights protection mechanisms. At present, at the macro level, the joint (contact) meeting system between trade unions and the government and the tripartite consultation mechanism of labor relations have been generally established, and the participation of trade unions in legislation and law enforcement supervision is increasing; At the enterprise level, the signing rate of labor contracts and collective contracts has been further improved, the democratic management system of enterprises and institutions with workers’ congresses as the basic form has been widely implemented, and the wage co-determination mechanism, normal wage growth mechanism and payment guarantee mechanism of enterprise employees have been gradually established.

　　　　On the other hand, in view of the fact that some employees have encountered difficulties in the restructuring of state-owned enterprises and the adjustment of industrial structure, trade unions at all levels have increased their assistance to employees in need and the rights of migrant workers on the basis of maintaining stability and promoting harmony. Nowadays, the send warm activity, the assistance center for needy workers and the golden autumn student assistance activity have become trade union work brands with great social influence, and the slogan "Migrant workers have difficulties, so they need to defend their rights and find a trade union" is resounding. Statistics show that at present, 100% of prefecture-level cities and 91% of county-level towns in China have established assistance centers for needy workers, raising a total of 4.2 billion yuan to help 20.902 million people. By the end of 2007, trade unions at all levels in China had helped the government to settle the arrears of wages for migrant workers by a total of 43.32 billion yuan.

　　　　Improve quality and make contributions.

　　　　On May 9th, 2006, China inventor Bao Qifan, who was a worker, shocked the Paris International Invention Exhibition. With the success of winning four gold medals alone, he created a new history of the world’s most authoritative invention exhibition with a history of 105 years.

　　　　In the past 30 years, Bao Qifan has gone from a dock stevedore with only junior high school education to a national expert and professor-level senior engineer who won numerous awards for innovation and invention. He said that his growth benefited from the good times of reform and opening up and the good platform built by the party, the government and trade unions at all levels.

　　　　Bao Qifan is just a microcosm of the tens of thousands of China workers in Qian Qian who grew up under the banner of reform and opening up.

　　　　The process of the intelligentization of the working class in China determines the modernization of China. From the nationwide reading activities of "Revitalizing China" in the 1980s, with more than 11 million employees participating in the reading activities, to the in-depth activities of "establishing learning organizations and striving to be knowledge workers" in the new era, and to the comprehensive promotion of the quality project for employees … China trade unions have always regarded improving the overall quality of the workforce as their long-term strategic task.

　　　　According to statistics, since 2005, trade unions at or above the grass-roots level have commended 37,000 advanced units of learning organizations, 16,700 advanced teams and groups, and 83,000 model workers and advanced individuals.

　　　　It is precisely because of the high-quality workforce that the working class in China can always stand in the forefront of the development of the times and make immortal contributions in the grand project of modernization.

　　　　Focusing on the objectives and tasks of economic construction, it has always been the proper meaning of China trade unions to show the wisdom and strength of the working class through various forms of meritorious activities.

　　　　Since 1983, the ACFTU has jointly issued documents with relevant ministries and commissions almost every year to organize workers to carry out labor competitions with rationalization proposals and technological innovation as the main content. Nowadays, labor competition is still an indispensable part of trade union work, but its form and connotation are richer.

　　　　According to statistics, since 2003 alone, workers’ technical associations at all levels have organized 453,000 technical research and development projects, creating economic benefits of 40.79 billion yuan; 358,300 new technologies were popularized, creating an economic benefit of 75.81 billion yuan.

　　　　"As long as you work hard, you can also be a worker." When this consensus gradually becomes a strong voice of the times, the working class in China will surely make new contributions in the great journey of building a well-off society in an all-round way.

　　　　In the past 30 years, China’s trade unions have been tempered and transformed in the reform and opening up and market economy, and have realized the great rejuvenation of the trade union cause through continuous progress; Today, the trade union in China, which stands at a new historical starting point, will surely lead the working class in China to create new glories.

Editor: Liu Li

　　CCTV News:The reporter learned from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on September 6 that the processing of agricultural products has become an important fulcrum for the development of rural industries. In 2022, there were 90,000 agricultural products processing enterprises above designated size, with operating income exceeding 19 trillion yuan.

　　China actively expands the multiple functions of agriculture, taps the multiple values of rural areas, and promotes the integrated development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. A total of 180 industrial clusters with advantages and characteristics, 300 modern agricultural industrial parks and 1,509 strong agricultural towns have been built nationwide, and 1,952 national key leading enterprises have been identified.

　　In 2022, there were 90,000 agricultural products processing enterprises above designated size, with operating income exceeding 19 trillion yuan. In the future, all localities will focus on rural key industries and characteristic industries, upgrade the agricultural product processing industry in all links, promote rural characteristic industries in all chains, cultivate industrial management entities in all fields, promote deep integration of industries with all factors, build an all-round agricultural industrial chain, and take multiple measures to promote the high-quality development of rural industries led by agricultural product processing.

BYD announced the upgrade of Eye of God! Since December 24, 2024, BYD’s advanced intelligent driving assistance system "Eye of God" has officially opened the function of CNOA nationwide. This function enables users to enjoy a safer and more convenient intelligent driving experience whether on urban roads or country roads. The nationwide opening marks another breakthrough of BYD in the field of intelligent driving, and its advanced intelligent driving ability has reached the leading level in the industry. This function will be gradually pushed to users through OTA update of specific models.

Map-free city navigation function is based on advanced map-free NOA technology, adopts end-to-end large model architecture, and captures and processes road environment information in real time through multi-sensor fusion perception. It can realize a variety of driving behaviors such as complex intersection traffic, traffic light recognition, autonomous overtaking, obstacle avoidance bypass and autonomous merging. In addition, this version also supports the functions of passing around the island and automatically entering the waiting area, which are highly technically difficult applications in the industry.

At present, the "Eye of God" intelligent driving assistance system has been iterated to BAS 3.0+ superhuman driving assistance. BYD has more than 4 million smart driving models, ranking first in China and having the largest Che Yun database. In terms of algorithm, BYD has a leading end-to-end large model and strong iterative ability, which ensures the rapid update of high-order intelligent driving system. On the perception level, based on the vehicle fusion perception system built by Xuanji architecture, the central computing platform can monitor the information of the whole vehicle, the vehicle state and the driving state of the owner in real time, so that the vehicle has the perception ability of the whole scene, all weather and all regions, thus ensuring the safety and comfort of users to the greatest extent. At the executive level, BYD has pioneered the functions of easy four-way parking and easy three-way parking in the world by virtue of the unique advantages of smart-electricity integration, covering more than 300 parking scenarios, achieving a leap-forward improvement in smart parking capacity.

BYD attaches great importance to the R&D and investment of intelligent driving, has a huge team of engineers, has built a complete full-stack self-developed intelligent driving R&D system, and its R&D strength is in the leading position in the industry. The nationwide opening of CNOA is the result of BYD’s long-term accumulation. In the future, the company will continue to deepen the integration of intelligence and electricity to provide users with a smarter and more convenient driving experience. BYD announced the upgrade of Eye of God!

Author: film and television weather vane

In the first week after the Spring Festival holiday (from February 19th to February 25th), the film market in China mainland continued its strong box office trend in the post-Spring Festival period, with the box office closing at 1.922 billion yuan that week. Among them, Article 20 earned 588 million yuan and won the box office for seven consecutive days. Pegasus 2 followed closely with 533 million yuan.

Under the unfavorable situation that the box office of Article 20 is only half that of YOLO during the Spring Festival holiday and only ranks fourth in the box office of the Spring Festival file, it can achieve a big counterattack of winning the championship for seven consecutive days in a single day, mainly because it satisfies the people’s desire for fairness and justice, arouses the emotional resonance of the audience, and has great practical significance.

Last week was the first week after this year’s Spring Festival holiday. After the Spring Festival box office blowout, the box office in China mainland declined, but it remained at a high level. According to the data of Cat’s Eye Professional Edition, the box office closed at 1.922 billion yuan that week, with 43.298 million people watching movies and 2.92 million screenings.

During the 8-day Spring Festival holiday, the box office of Article 20 was only half that of YOLO, ranking fourth in the Spring Festival box office. However, with the continuous fermentation of good reputation, the attendance rate of this film continued to rise in the second half of the Spring Festival holiday. After the holiday, on February 19th, the film won the first prize in a single-day box office when it was behind schedule, and then a wave of single-day box office champions for seven consecutive days made the film the biggest winner in the "post-Spring Festival file".

The box office of Article 20 can achieve a super counterattack, mainly because of its good reputation. As a propositional composition-style film for popularizing the law, director Zhang Yimou skillfully combines comedy, family, crime, tragedy, law and other types and elements instead of preaching with a straight face. The three cases are connected together through prosecutor Han Ming played by Lei Jiayin, which makes the film not only enjoyable, but also touching people’s hearts and satisfying people’s desire for fairness and justice, which is of great social practical significance.

Pegasus 2, a comedy about racing directed by Han Han, got 533 million yuan at the box office last week, ranking second in the weekly box office list, with a cumulative box office of 3.064 billion yuan, and also ranked second in the Spring Festival file.

The box office and word-of-mouth of "Pegasus 2" greatly surpassed the first film released in 2019, which fully demonstrated the audience’s love for this film. After the word-of-mouth failure at the box office of Four Seas in the Spring Festival of 2022, director Han Han was brave after knowing shame, and made a family fun racing movie for the audience with a creative attitude of Excellence, completely following the narrative and expression techniques of commercial films.

This year’s Spring Festival file is short of The Wandering Earth and Operation Red Sea’s "Feng Shen I", a visual blockbuster that represents the level of China’s film industry. The racing scene in the second half of "Pegasus 2" is thrilling and soul-stirring, and great efforts have been made in shooting and production, which makes up for this regret, which is also an important reason for the film’s good box office reputation.

Last week, the mainland film market in China entered the "post-Spring Festival". On February 23rd and 24th, there were four new Chinese and foreign films, such as argyle Secret Agent and Still Think You Are the Best 2, respectively, but the box office performance was average, especially Still Think You Are the Best 2, which was far less than the first one.

On the other hand, he thinks: "The Spring Festival file only has seven days off, so there are more than twenty days in the first month. If we can promote the emergence of a’ post-Spring Festival file’, it should be a good thing for the China film market. I hope to alleviate the problem of uneven hot and cold in the film market to a certain extent. "

According to Rao Shuguang’s definition, this year’s "post-Spring Festival" is from February 18th to March 9th (the 29th of the first month). In addition to the four new films released last week, there will be 13 new films released at home and abroad. Which film is expected to continue the market popularity?

However, this year’s "post-Spring Festival" is still full of stamina because of Article 20 and Pegasus 2, and Hollywood blockbusters like Dune 2 may not be able to get cheap in the competition. It is the best result for everyone to make the market cake bigger.

According to the China Film News, Rao Shuguang said: "It is not only the post-Spring Festival file, but we are used to thinking that in the blank period or the low period of watching movies, we need to deeply study and create film works suitable for a certain period, so as to make the film market trend more balanced and orderly throughout the year, and it can also effectively cultivate the consumption habits of the audience and increase the frequency of watching movies."

As President Rao Shuguang said, the film market in China is still too dependent on the Spring Festival, summer vacation, National Day, May Day, New Year’s Day and other major holidays. If the box office potential of off-season and weekend stalls can be better explored, the film market in China will be more prosperous.

　　Cctv news: On July 7, the National Internet Information Office announced the Measures for the Evaluation of Data Exit Security (hereinafter referred to as the Measures). The relevant person in charge of the National Internet Information Office answered the reporter’s questions about the Measures.

　　Q: Please briefly introduce the background of the promulgation of the Measures?

　　A:In recent years, with the vigorous development of the digital economy, cross-border activities of data have become increasingly frequent, and the demand for data leaving the country by data processors has increased rapidly. At the same time, due to the differences in legal systems and protection levels in different countries and regions, the security risks of data leaving the country are correspondingly prominent. Cross-border data activities not only affect personal information rights and interests, but also relate to national security and social public interests. Many countries and regions in the world have explored the system of data cross-border security management from their own and local realities. The formulation and promulgation of the Measures is an important measure to implement the relevant provisions of the Cyber Security Law, the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law. The purpose is to further standardize data exit activities, protect personal information rights and interests, safeguard national security and social public interests, and promote the safe and free flow of data across borders.

　　Q: What does the outbound data activity referred to in the Measures mean?

　　A:The data exit activities mentioned in the Measures mainly include: First, the data processors transmit and store the data collected and generated in domestic operations abroad. Second, the data collected and generated by the data processor are stored in China and can be accessed or called by overseas institutions, organizations or individuals.

　　Q: What circumstances need to declare data exit security assessment?

　　A:The "Measures" clarify four situations in which data exit security assessment should be declared: First, data processors provide important data overseas. Second, key information infrastructure operators and data processors who handle personal information of more than 1 million people provide personal information overseas. Third, since January 1 of last year, data processors who have provided 100,000 personal information or 10,000 sensitive personal information overseas have provided personal information overseas. Fourth, other situations stipulated by the national network information department that need to declare data exit security assessment.

　　Q: What are the main contents of data exit security assessment?

　　A:Data exit security assessment focuses on the risks that data exit activities may bring to national security, public interests and the legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations, mainly including the following matters: First, the legality, legitimacy and necessity of the purpose, scope and methods of data exit. Second, the influence of data security protection policies and regulations and network security environment in the country or region where the overseas recipient is located on the security of outbound data; Whether the data protection level of overseas recipients meets the requirements of People’s Republic of China (PRC) laws, administrative regulations and mandatory national standards. Third, the scale, scope, type and sensitivity of outbound data, and the risks of being tampered with, destroyed, leaked, lost, transferred or illegally obtained or used during and after leaving the country. Fourth, whether data security and personal information rights can be fully and effectively guaranteed. Fifth, whether the legal documents to be concluded between the data processor and the overseas receiver fully stipulate the responsibility and obligation of data security protection. Sixth, compliance with laws, administrative regulations and departmental rules of China. Seventh, other matters that the national network information department believes need to be evaluated.

　　Q: In order to standardize the data exit safety assessment activities, what specific procedures are defined in the Measures?

　　A:The "Measures" clarified the specific process of data leaving the country. First, pre-assessment. Before providing data abroad, data processors should first carry out self-assessment of data exit risks. The second is to declare the assessment. If the data exit safety assessment is met, the data processor should declare the data exit safety assessment to the national network information department through the local provincial network information department. The third is to carry out evaluation, and the national network information department will decide whether to accept the evaluation within 7 working days from the date of receiving the application materials; Complete the data exit security assessment within 45 working days from the date of issuing the written acceptance notice; If the situation is complicated or the materials need to be supplemented or corrected, it may be appropriately extended and the data processor may be informed of the expected extended time. Fourth, re-evaluation and termination of exit. If the validity period of the evaluation results expires or the re-evaluation situation stipulated in these Measures occurs within the validity period, the data processor shall re-declare the data exit safety evaluation. If the data outbound activities that have passed the evaluation no longer meet the requirements of data outbound safety management in the actual processing process, the data processor shall terminate the data outbound activities after receiving the written notice from the national network information department. If the data processor needs to continue to carry out data exit activities, it shall make rectification as required, and re-apply for evaluation after the rectification is completed.

　　Q: How to protect the legitimate rights and interests of data processors such as business secrets in the evaluation process?

　　answerThe Measures stipulate that relevant institutions and personnel involved in safety assessment shall keep confidential the state secrets, personal privacy, personal information, business secrets, confidential business information and other data they know in performing their duties according to law, and shall not disclose them or illegally provide them to others or use them illegally.

　　Q: What other provisions have been clarified in the Measures?

　　A:In addition to the above assessment contents, specific procedures, confidentiality requirements and other management measures, the Measures also clarify that the national network information department is responsible for deciding whether to accept the safety assessment, and organize relevant departments in the State Council, provincial network information departments and specialized agencies to carry out the safety assessment according to the application. The provincial network information department is responsible for receiving the application materials for data exit security assessment and completing the completeness inspection. Any organization or individual who finds that a data processor provides data overseas in violation of these measures may report to the network information department at or above the provincial level.

　　Q: When will the data processor declare the data exit security assessment?

　　A:The data processor shall declare and pass the data exit safety assessment before the data exit activities occur. In practice, it is advisable for data processors to declare data exit safety assessment before signing data exit related contracts or other legally binding documents (hereinafter referred to as legal documents) with overseas recipients. If the assessment is declared after signing the legal document, it is suggested to indicate in the legal document that this document shall take effect after passing the data exit security assessment, so as to avoid possible losses caused by failure to pass the assessment.

　　Q: What are the possible results of the exit security assessment of enterprise declaration data?

　　A:First, the declaration will not be accepted. For those that do not fall within the scope of security assessment, the data processor can carry out data exit activities through other legal channels stipulated by law after receiving the written notice that the national network information department will not accept it. The second is to pass the safety assessment. After receiving the written notice of passing the assessment, the data processor can carry out data exit activities in strict accordance with the declared items. Third, it failed the safety assessment. If the data exit safety assessment fails, the data processor shall not carry out the declared data exit activities.

　　Q: What should I do if I disagree with the evaluation results?

　　A:If the data processor disagrees with the evaluation results, it can apply to the national network information department for re-evaluation within 15 working days after receiving the evaluation results, and the re-evaluation results are final.

　　Q: How long is the validity of the results of the data exit security assessment?

　　A:The validity period of the results of data exit safety assessment is 2 years, counting from the date when the assessment results are issued. If it is necessary to continue to carry out data exit activities after the expiration of the validity period, the data processor shall re-apply for evaluation 60 working days before the expiration of the validity period.

　　Q: How to investigate the legal responsibility for violating the Measures?

　　A:The Measures clarify that if a data processor violates the provisions of these Measures, it shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of the Network Security Law, the Data Security Law, the Personal Information Protection Law and other laws and regulations; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

　　Q: How do the three ways link up the relationship between the provision of personal information overseas, security assessment, standard contract and personal information protection certification?

　　A:The scope of application of the Measures has been made clear, and a security assessment should be declared for the data exit of personal information processors to which security assessment is applicable; The data exit situation of personal information processors outside the scope of application of the Measures can meet the conditions for cross-border provision of personal information through personal information protection certification or signing a standard contract formulated by the national network information department, so as to facilitate personal information processors to carry out data exit activities according to law.

　　Original title: AI juvenile hard technology

　　In March, 2023, a ranking released by Zeta Alpha, an American industry research institution, made many domestic artificial intelligence (AI) practitioners feel very excited. Among the top 100 cited AI papers in the world, China’s Defiance Technology, a unicorn enterprise founded by three Tsinghua "Yao Ban" students, ranked second only to the "popular star" of international artificial intelligence.

　　As early as before the artificial intelligence surge, they embarked on the journey of sending artificial intelligence technology from the laboratory to real life, and finally let China’s artificial intelligence industry stand on the world-class track.

　　Xueba juvenile "assembly number"

　　Where can I see the most Olympic gold medal winners in China? The answer may be-Defiance Science and Technology Research Institute of Jinyu Zhizao Workshop in Haidian District. Among the 500 researchers, there are more than 30 former gold medal winners of the International Informatics Olympiad, the acm international collegiate programming contest and the National Youth Informatics Olympiad.

　　The leader of the research institute is Yinqi. Inki, an 18-year-old boy, was admitted to Tsinghua University in 2006. After entering the school, he was selected to enter "Yao Ban".

　　"Half the talents in Tsinghua, half the talents in Tsinghua are in Yao Ban" —— Yao Ban, which won such praise from the outside world, is the computer science experimental class of Tsinghua School, founded by Academician Yao Qizhi, an American Turing Award winner and a world-famous computer scientist.

　　"World-class computer professionals must explore the most cutting-edge issues of global science and technology." In the class of "Yao Ban", Yinqi buried his life ambition to pursue cutting-edge technology diligently, and also met like-minded classmates Tang Wenbin and Yang Mu.

　　At that time, technological change was driving "the potential of starting a prairie fire" with "a spark" on the other side of the ocean. Facebook created by Zuckerberg has changed the traditional social model in the world, and Apple led by Jobs has launched the epoch-making electronic product iPhone.

　　Change is opportunity. In 2011, three Tsinghua "Xueba" jointly founded Defiance Technology, becoming the earliest artificial intelligence startup company in China. However, AI’s extremely attractive technical vision cannot directly bring the future to the front. Young geeks who are full of blood just broke into the society and were splashed with cold water. "Where is a technology startup company in China?" An investor left a word to Inch and Tang Wenbin, and the tone was beyond doubt.

　　The stereotype of investors was faced by China science and technology entrepreneurs more than ten years ago. At that time, most of the capital’s eager eyes on entrepreneurial projects focused on mobile Internet applications and business model innovation that could become popular overnight. There are few precedents for the success of technology entrepreneurship, and as for artificial intelligence, few people care.

　　Despite this, several young people firmly believe in their own judgment-mastering the underlying technology, they will embrace the "BRIC" that will shine sooner or later.

　　Yinqi and the team worked around the clock to train the visual recognition cloud platform with a billion-level algorithm every day through the "neuron-like deep learning algorithm" to accelerate the self-repair of the platform. Just like sea tactics, the more data systematically analyzed, the more accurate the calculation and identification results will be.

　　Only one year later, the false recognition rate of the contemptuous visual service platform Face++ has dropped to one in ten thousand, which is equivalent to growing into an 18-year-old adult’s brain in three years in the direction of visual recognition. By the second half of 2014, its recognition rate has reached 97.27%, and it has won the champion of three international evaluations, namely FDDB, 300-W and LFW, exceeding the recognition rate of Facebook of 97.25%. This is the catch-up of latecomers.

　　Patiently cross the "Death Valley"

　　In March 2016, Google’s artificial intelligence Go software AlphaGo beat the former world Go champion Li Shishi, and artificial intelligence became a household name overnight. Startups based on artificial intelligence technology have suddenly become hot. In 2017, Defiance Technology received $460 million in Series C financing.

　　However, the growing pains also follow-more players, more expensive research and development, but less technology.

　　Yinqi realized that after the early honeymoon period, the industry was entering the deep water area. The application of artificial intelligence technology will be the first to mature in the enterprise market, and the key battle for artificial intelligence start-ups to cross the "Valley of Death" will also start on this "battlefield". Attack the enterprise market!

　　However, compared with the consumer market with high outbreak and high growth, the enterprise market is a "bitter" business. No matter in the fields of finance, security or supply chain, every industry is occupied by giants who have been deeply cultivated for many years. For a group of young geeks, it is not easy to gnaw such "hard bones".

　　Shortly after entering the security industry, Tang Wenbin, as the company’s chief technology officer, found that many face recognition systems obtain information from the video shot by the front-end ordinary camera and then identify it, so it is difficult to store and transmit the video. "Why not directly make a smart cameras that can be identified immediately? It must be very valuable. "

　　Just do it. A high-end smart cameras comes out, which is not only equipped with a self-developed intelligent identification system, but also uses a sensor with leading performance, an expensive processor and even a seven-color shell.

　　However, when communicating with users, the team found that these products, which are cool enough in terms of technical indicators and appearance, did not meet the demand. Customers in an industry require power consumption within 3 watts, while their smart cameras consume nearly 18 watts. The cost of a piece of equipment of 10,000 yuan was even more unacceptable in the market environment at that time.

　　"Looking for nails with a hammer." This experience is a detour that many companies that started with technology have gone through. On the long March of technological entrepreneurship, there is never a shortcut, and the only way is to keep going.

　　Go to the nearest line of demand-

　　Standing in an e-commerce platform warehouse with a temperature of minus 10℃ and an area of 20,000 square meters, Tang Wenbin and Yinqi found that any air conditioner and heating can’t play any role here. In this environment, the total walking distance of the picking team can reach 30 to 40 kilometers at the end of the day. Is there any way to improve the efficiency of warehousing and logistics? Since then, in this large warehouse, more than 500 robots of three types of partners have been ignored and worked together, which has improved the efficiency of personnel by 40%.

　　Go to the "battlefield" where the demand for technology is the most urgent-

　　At the beginning of 2020, the epidemic broke out in COVID-19, and the emergency project team headed by Yinqi was set up on the first day of New Year’s Day. More than 100 people joined the research and development of artificial intelligence temperature measurement scheme. Ten days later, Ming Ji AI intelligent temperature measuring system was officially delivered for trial operation, and it was applied to Beijing’s major subways, supermarkets, hospitals and other scenes.

　　Nowadays, in more than 100 domestic cities, more than 10 countries and regions, ignoring urban Internet of Things solutions is always exerting wisdom for urban operation; In the smart warehouses of major enterprises, the smart pallet four-way car with small body and standard load of 1500 kg has been put into battle; Hundreds of millions of smart phones around the world have used the contemptuous device unlocking and computational photography solutions …

　　The technical vision of "using artificial intelligence to benefit the public" of young geeks 12 years ago has blossomed in fields, factories, mines, schools and communities.

　　Embrace the wave of hard technology entrepreneurship

　　An armored robot gradually learned human actions, language, creativity and even emotions in the process of long-term contact with human beings, and was finally recognized by human beings and integrated into human society. The science fiction film Machine Butler released in 1999 showed people the future life of robots and human beings. The intelligent and warm robots in the film are now accelerating into reality.

　　Yinqi said with emotion: "Technological changes will definitely roll forward, whether you join or not. If it can’t lead in core technology, China’s AI enterprises will gradually lose their position in global competition. "

　　On the road of technological exploration, he is not alone with contempt.

　　In 2014, Dai Wenyuan, who won the world championship in the ACM acm international collegiate programming contest, known as the "Computer Olympics Competition", and his mentor Professor Yang Qiang established the fourth paradigm. In 2016, Lou Tiancheng, who graduated from "Yao Ban" like Yinqi and was called "the leader of the building" by Tsinghua students because of his superior programming ability, and Peng Jun set up an autonomous driving company Xiaoma Zhixing. In the same year, Chen Tianshi and Chen Yunji, two brothers who graduated from the junior class of the University of Science and Technology of China, founded the CAMBRIAN artificial intelligence chip company.

　　Yinqi, Chen Tianshi, Lou Tiancheng, Dai Wenyuan … In Beijing, the new generation of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs have emerged, and the wave of hard technology represented by artificial intelligence has also swept across the country with Beijing as the center. At present, Beijing, which has gathered nearly 30% of artificial intelligence enterprises in the country, has become a veritable "AI first city".

　　The innovation spiral of hard technology touches more than artificial intelligence. Relevant persons in charge of the Municipal Science and Technology Commission and Zhongguancun Management Committee observed that in the fields of high-tech and cutting-edge technologies such as new materials, virtual reality, artificial intelligence and precision medical care, a large number of technology entrepreneurs emerged, and a number of entrepreneurial enterprises with extremely high technological competitiveness and wide market application prospects rose strongly. On the road of exploring the mystery of the frontier of science and technology, the new generation of entrepreneurs will have more and more colleagues.

　　Beijing becomes the first city of AI.

　　By October 2022, there were 1,048 artificial intelligence core enterprises in Beijing, accounting for 29% of the total number of artificial intelligence enterprises in China, ranking first in the country, and more than 30 artificial intelligence unicorn enterprises have been born.

　　Twenty-four enterprises in China have been approved to build a new generation of national artificial intelligence open innovation platform, of which 10 enterprises are headquartered in Beijing.

　　There are more than 40,000 core technical talents in the field of artificial intelligence in Beijing, accounting for 60% of the country; The number of artificial intelligence papers published ranks first in the country; Among the top 100 institutions in the world in terms of the number of patents granted, there are 30 Beijing-based institutions.

　　The two major industries, medical health and information technology, are becoming the "twin engines" of Beijing’s sophisticated economy under the cross-integration of artificial intelligence platform technology. In 2022, the related output value of Beijing artificial intelligence industry is estimated to be about 227 billion yuan.

　　Hard technology is written into the five-year plan

　　On March 12, 2021, the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of Long-term Goals in 2035 was officially released, in which it was specifically mentioned that it was necessary to enhance the characteristics of "hard technology" in science and technology innovation board and enhance the function of Growth Enterprise Market in serving growth-oriented innovative and entrepreneurial enterprises.

　　In November, 2021, the Plan for the Construction of Beijing International Science and Technology Innovation Center during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period also proposed to carry out pilot projects of equity investment and venture capital share transfer in depth to guide early investment, hard technology investment and long-term investment; Support the development of market-oriented and specialized hard technology incubators, promote the verification and maturation of scientific and technological achievements, and quickly realize transformation and industrialization.

　　Hard technology refers to the key core technology that needs long-term R&D investment, has a high technical threshold, is difficult to be copied and imitated, and has a significant supporting role for economic and social development. Hard technology is at the high end of the global value chain, which has the characteristics of high intellectual property barriers, high capital investment, high information intensity, high added value of products and high industrial control, and is an important symbol to measure a country’s core competitiveness. At present, the representative fields of hard technology include photoelectric chips, artificial intelligence, aerospace, biotechnology, information technology, new materials, new energy, intelligent manufacturing and so on.(Sun Qiru)

　　Throughout history, infectious diseases have accompanied the process of human civilization and have had a profound impact on human civilization. It can be said that the history of mankind is the history of fighting infectious diseases. As William McNeill mentioned in his book Plague and Man: "Intelligence, knowledge and organization can’t change people’s vulnerability and helplessness in the face of parasitic invasion. Since the appearance of human beings, infectious diseases have followed, and when human beings still exist, infectious diseases will exist. Infectious diseases used to be, and will certainly be, one of the most basic determinants affecting human history. "

　　Since the founding of New China 70 years ago, China has made remarkable achievements in economic, social, scientific and technological fields. Among them, experts and scholars in the fields of infectious diseases and parasitic diseases in China have made outstanding contributions to the prevention and control of infectious diseases and the improvement of people’s health. In 2018, CCTV’s "Go Around China" column produced the documentary "Never Stop Epidemic War", which recorded the wars between medical and health personnel and infectious diseases in China.

　　Here, we invite Professor Wang Guiqiang, the current chairman of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association and the director of the Infectious Diseases Department of the First Hospital of Peking University, to sort out those things in the field of infectious diseases in China in the past 70 years. Those people … …

　　At the beginning of the founding of New China, infectious diseases such as smallpox, plague, cholera, schistosomiasis and kala-azar were rampant in China, seriously endangering people’s health. The China Municipal Government attaches great importance to the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and has successively issued a series of principles and policies to organize national efforts to prevent and control infectious diseases. In 1980s, with the classical infectious diseases being gradually controlled, the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease became the main work of infectious diseases doctors. From the 1990s to the early 21st century, with the inclusion of hepatitis B vaccination in planned immunization and the popularization of various antiviral treatments, the infectious diseases department began to return to the essence of big infection, and the focus of its work gradually shifted from the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease to the construction of big infection discipline focusing on the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment ability of bacteria and fungi.

　　First, the classic achievements:

　　These achievements are worth remembering.

　　(1) Eradication of smallpox

　　Smallpox is a severe infectious disease caused by smallpox virus, with a mortality rate as high as 25%. As early as the 10th century, China invented human pox vaccination. In 1688, Russia sent doctors to Beijing to study human pox vaccination, and human pox vaccination began to spread all over the world. Human pox vaccination has protected many people’s lives, but the vaccinated people still have a mortality rate of 2%. In 1796, edward Cenna, a British doctor, successfully vaccinated an 8-year-old boy with vaccinia, which ushered in a new era of vaccination against smallpox.

　　From January to August, 1950, there were 44,211 cases of smallpox in China, which were distributed all over the country. In that year, 7,765 people died of smallpox. In order to eliminate smallpox, in October 1950, the Central People’s Government issued the "Instructions on Launching Autumn Vaccination Campaign" issued by Premier Zhou Enlai, and made a decision to promote universal vaccination throughout the country. Subsequently, the Ministry of Health promulgated the "Interim Measures for Vaccination" to promote free vaccination in the whole country.

　　In 1950, the vaccination rate of smallpox in Beijing reached 80%, making it the first city in China to eliminate smallpox. By 1952, more than 500 million people had been vaccinated against vaccinia all over the country. By 1958, the number of smallpox cases in China had dropped sharply to more than 300.

　　In the spring of 1959, six people brought smallpox from Myanmar to Danjia Dazhai, Danjia District, Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province. Subsequently, two people brought smallpox to Cangyuan County, Yunnan Province from abroad. This time, the smallpox epidemic caused 672 people to get sick and 96 people died. This is the last outbreak of smallpox in China. With the recovery of the last case of smallpox in China in 1961, there was no case of smallpox in China.

　　In 1966, WHO decided to launch a global smallpox eradication campaign at the 19th World Health Assembly, and adopted a resolution to eradicate smallpox. On October 26th, 1977, the last smallpox patient in the world, Somali cook Ali Mao Martin, was cured. On May 8, 1980, WHO announced at the 33rd World Health Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya, that smallpox, which had been harmful to human beings for thousands of years, had been eradicated. Since then, the global vaccination has stopped. Smallpox was eliminated in China more than ten years earlier than that in the world.

　　(2) Prevention and control of schistosomiasis

　　Schistosomiasis japonica has a history of more than 2100 years in China, and it is a zoonotic parasitic disease that seriously harms human health and social and economic development. In the early days of the founding of New China, schistosomiasis was prevalent in 370 counties (cities) in 12 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in southern China, with a total of 11.6 million infected people, an area of 14.8 billion square meters of snails and a threatened population of more than 100 million.

　　From the founding of New China to the early 1970s, comprehensive measures were mainly taken in China, including snail control and treatment with antimony potassium tartrate. Although the breeding grounds of snails were significantly reduced and the number of infected people decreased significantly, schistosomiasis was not eliminated, and antimony potassium tartrate had a long course of treatment and was highly toxic to the heart and liver. In the mid-1970s, praziquantel, a highly effective and low toxic therapeutic drug, came out, which greatly improved the prevention and control of schistosomiasis, and greatly reduced the prevalence and morbidity. Since 1990s, the strategy of schistosomiasis control in China has been adjusted to take praziquantel and health education for a large number of people.

　　Prevention and control of schistosomiasis is a long-term project. In 2001, WHO thought that the overall strategy of global schistosomiasis control was to reduce the harm of the disease rather than eliminate it, but it regarded schistosomiasis as a disease that could be partially eliminated. Through the comprehensive prevention and control measures focusing on the control of infectious sources, and the Outline of the National Medium and Long-term Plan for the Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis (2004— The effective implementation of "2015)" has effectively promoted the process of schistosomiasis elimination in China. In 2008, the country reached the standard of schistosomiasis epidemic control, and in 2015, it reached the standard of schistosomiasis transmission control. Since then, the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in China has moved towards transmission blocking and even elimination.

　　After 2016, the endemic areas of schistosomiasis in China will continue to adhere to the working principle of "prevention first, treating both the symptoms and root causes, classified guidance, comprehensive management, joint prevention and control", implement comprehensive prevention and control strategies based on the control of infectious sources according to local conditions, and strive to achieve the 2020 goal set in the 13 th Five-Year National Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control Plan — — By the end of 2020, 96.5% of schistosomiasis endemic counties (cities, districts) in China have reached the standard of transmission interruption or elimination, among which more than 75% of endemic counties (cities, districts) have reached the standard of elimination, and all endemic counties (cities, districts) in China have reached the standard of "Healthy China 2030".

　　(3) Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis

　　Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease with the longest history and the largest number of deaths. Before the invention of anti-tuberculosis drugs such as streptomycin in the 1940s, tuberculosis was almost incurable.

　　As early as 1933, China established the China Tuberculosis Association and opened tuberculosis clinics in some cities. In 1937, the Tuberculosis Branch of Chinese Medical Association was established. In 1949, there were 12 prevention and treatment institutions in China, with more than 600 beds, 29 X-ray machines and 120 medical staff specializing in tuberculosis prevention. At that time, the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in China was as high as 17.5 million/100,000, and the mortality rate was 2 million/100,000.

　　After the founding of New China, the Central Institute of Tuberculosis Prevention and Control and the BCG Promotion Committee were successively established in Beijing. Tuberculosis prevention institutions at all levels have been gradually enriched and developed. By the mid-1960s, the morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis in big cities such as Beijing and Shanghai had dropped to the same level as that in Japan. The results of the first national tuberculosis epidemiological sampling survey in 1979 showed that the prevalence rate of active tuberculosis in China was 7.17/100,000, and the prevalence rate of smear-positive tuberculosis was 1.87/100,000, which was significantly lower than that in 1949.

　　Since 1981, the state has formulated and implemented three national ten-year plans for tuberculosis prevention and control. In January 2005, the tuberculosis management information system was launched. In 2011, the General Office of the State Council issued the National Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Plan (2011— 2015). In 2013, the former Ministry of Health issued the Management Measures for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control.

　　In recent years, the rising trend of tuberculosis epidemic in China has been effectively curbed, and the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis has made remarkable achievements. The fifth national tuberculosis epidemiological sampling survey in 2010 showed that the prevalence rate of active tuberculosis in China was 4.59/100,000, of which the prevalence rate of infectious tuberculosis was 66/100,000, which was 64% lower than that in 1979.

　　(D) Hepatitis B vaccination into the national immunization program.

　　China is a high epidemic area of hepatitis B. The second national hepatitis B serological survey in 1992 showed that the positive rate of HBsAg was 9.75%.

　　In the early 1990s, Professor Tian Gengshan and Academician Zhuang Hui made suggestions to the country, emphasizing the importance of hepatitis B vaccination. In 1992, the former Ministry of Health formally brought hepatitis B vaccination into the planned immunization management, and at the same time promulgated the National Hepatitis B Vaccination Implementation Plan. In 2002, hepatitis B vaccine was included in the national immunization plan, and newborns were provided with hepatitis B vaccine free of charge, and newborns were required to be vaccinated within 24 hours after birth.

　　In 2006, in order to evaluate the effect of incorporating hepatitis B vaccine into the national immunization program, the former Ministry of Health organized a national hepatitis B seroepidemiological survey. The results showed that the HBsAg positive rate of children at birth decreased from 9.67% in 1992 to 0.96% in 2005, a decrease of 90%. In May 2012, China achieved the goal of controlling the HBsAg carrying rate of children under 5 years old to below 2% through the verification of WHO Western Pacific Region, and achieved the goal of controlling the HBsAg carrying rate of children under 5 years old to below 1% by 2017 ahead of schedule.

　　In recent years, the vaccination rate of neonatal hepatitis B vaccine in China has remained above 95%, and the infection rate of children has decreased significantly year by year. In 2014, the fourth national hepatitis B serological survey showed that the HBsAg positive rate of children aged 1-4 years in China was 0.3%, which was over 60% lower than that in 2006.

　　(5) Prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease

　　The development of viral hepatitis and liver disease in recent years is inseparable from the dedication of a large number of experts in infectious diseases in China.

　　In 2000, at the National Viral Hepatitis Conference held in Xi ‘an, Professor Si Chongwen, Chairman of the Sixth Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, led the updating of the Viral Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program. In 2005, Professor Weng Xinhua, Chairman of the Seventh Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, and Academician Zhuang Hui, Chairman of Hepatology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, jointly compiled and published the Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.. The publication of these two guidelines has made positive contributions to the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis in China and guided the clinical practice in the whole country. Since then, the guidelines have been updated successively in 2010 and 2015, and the fourth edition of Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis C are currently being updated.

　　1. Hepatitis A

　　Hepatitis A is a worldwide public health problem caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, which is mainly transmitted through fecal-oral route. Its prevalence is closely related to social and economic development, living habits, sanitary conditions and vaccination. In 1988, the world’s largest outbreak of hepatitis A occurred in Shanghai, with more than 300,000 people infected. With the rapid development of China’s economy and the improvement of people’s living conditions, hepatitis A vaccine was included in the national planned immunization in 2007, and most areas in China have changed from high-prevalence areas to medium-or low-prevalence areas.

　　2. Hepatitis B

　　With the introduction of hepatitis B vaccine into the planned immunization in 1992, the incidence of hepatitis B in China dropped sharply. During the three national surveys in 2014, the HBsAg positive rate of people aged 1-29 in China decreased from 10.1% to 2.6%.

　　Half of the world’s liver cancer patients are in China, and more than 80% of them are caused by hepatitis B. Effective prevention and control of hepatitis B can effectively reduce the occurrence of liver cancer, and it is also a successful case of preventing tumors through vaccines.

　　Although hepatitis B has not been completely cured, it is controllable. With the development of new drugs, patients with chronic hepatitis B can effectively control the progress of the disease, block the progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer, and even reverse some decompensated cirrhosis to compensatory cirrhosis and maintain stability.

　　In 2014, the fourth national hepatitis B serological survey showed that the positive rates of HBsAg among people aged 1-4, 5-14 and 15-29 were 0.3%, 0.9% and 4.4% respectively. It can be seen from this data that the incidence of hepatitis B virus infection has been effectively controlled by hepatitis B vaccination in the younger age group. It is believed that with the passage of time, the occurrence of hepatitis B virus infection will eventually be eliminated.

　　3. Hepatitis C

　　Hepatitis C is a chronic disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The disease progresses continuously and can develop into cirrhosis and liver cancer. In recent years, a large number of direct antiviral drugs (DAA) have been put on the market, and hepatitis C has become a curable chronic viral disease, setting a precedent for curing chronic viral diseases through drug treatment intervention. Of course, there are still some problems in its treatment, such as drug accessibility and drug interaction.

　　HCV infection in China is a low epidemic area in the world. The national seroepidemiological survey in 2006 showed that the positive prevalence rate of HCV antibody was 0.43% among people aged 1-59. HCV is mainly transmitted through blood and damaged skin and mucosa. In China, HCV antibody screening for blood donors began in 1993, and HCV RNA screening for blood donors with negative HCV antibody began in 2015. Since then, transmission through blood transfusion and blood products has rarely occurred.

　　Hepatitis C progresses slowly and invisibly, and is often called "silent killer". Patients often lose the best opportunity for treatment as soon as they find cirrhosis or liver cancer. Therefore, people with high risk of HCV infection should take the initiative to go to the hospital for screening.

　　4. Hepatitis D

　　Hepatitis D is an acute and chronic hepatitis disease caused by hepatitis D virus (HDV), which is contagious. HDV is a small RNA virus with gene defect, and its replication and transmission must depend on the existence of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Compared with HBV infection alone, HDV with HBV infection is more serious and can rapidly progress to cirrhosis or even liver cancer. Because its infection depends on HBV, improving the vaccination rate of HBV is an effective measure to prevent HDV infection.

　　5. Hepatitis E

　　Diseases that are "from mouth to mouth" have a relatively high incidence among the elderly. Outbreaks or pandemics often occurred in China before 2000. After 2000, with the improvement of China’s economic level and health facilities, its epidemic was controlled, but attention should be paid to preventing local outbreaks.

　　(6) Prevention and control of epidemic hemorrhagic fever

　　Epidemic hemorrhagic fever, also known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, is caused by a group of viruses belonging to Hantavirus. Rats are the main source of infection and spread in many ways, with fever, hypotensive shock, congestive bleeding and renal damage as the main manifestations. An epidemic broke out in China in 1980s, with an annual incidence of more than 100,000 cases and a mortality rate of over 10%.

　　The Party and the state attach great importance to the prevention and treatment of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Under the leadership of the former Ministry of Health, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of the Chinese Medical Association established the epidemic hemorrhagic fever study group. As Professor Dan Ping served as the team leader, it organized domestic clinical experts to carry out clinical diagnosis and treatment research on hemorrhagic fever. The prevention and treatment plan of epidemic hemorrhagic fever in China was formulated, and a series of effective diagnosis and treatment plans such as preventive treatment were put forward, which greatly reduced the incidence and mortality of hemorrhagic fever.

　　Second, pay tribute to the predecessors:

　　They have made outstanding contributions to the development of infectious diseases in China.

　　After the founding of New China, many predecessors made great contributions to the prevention and treatment of infectious and parasitic diseases in China.

　　(1) Zhong Huilan

　　The first honorary chairman of the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology of Chinese Medical Association. Physicians, tropical pathologists and medical parasitologists devoted their lives to the study of internal diseases, especially tropical diseases, and made pioneering research on the etiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of relapsing fever, typhus, kala-azar, paragonimiasis and leptospirosis. Established the Institute of Tropical Diseases of Beijing Friendship Hospital. The pathogens of epidemic typhus and endemic typhus were separated, and it was confirmed that crabs could also spread typhus. It is suggested that bone marrow puncture instead of spleen puncture and complement fixation test should be used for early diagnosis of kala-azar. We cooperated with Feng Lanzhou to study the vector of kala-azar, and confirmed that the sandfly is the main vector of kala-azar near Beijing. To confirm the role of dogs as storage hosts in transmission. In the study, I was infected by accident, and combined with my experience and observation of other cases, I put forward the clinical types of early manifestations of kala-azar. A series of diagnosis and treatment norms have been formulated to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.

　　(2) Wu Chaoren

　　He used to be the vice president and director of internal medicine of the First Hospital of Peking University (formerly the First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Medical College), and he had high attainments in bacteriology research. In 1955, he founded the Infectious Diseases Department of the First Hospital of Peking University, and established the virus research room, parasitic disease research room and antibiotic research room (predecessor of Peking University Institute of Clinical Pharmacology). After 1963, he mainly conducted clinical antibiotic research, which made contributions to the development of antibiotic clinical research in China. Participate in the editor-in-chief of Infectious Diseases and other works. Together with Professor Zhong Huilan and Professor Cao Zhongliang, they set up the Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Group of the Chinese Medical Association (the predecessor of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association), actively carried out academic exchange activities, and held the first national academic conference on viral hepatitis in Changchun in 1962 and the first national academic conference on infectious diseases in Huangshan in 1963, which made great contributions to the development of infectious diseases.

　　(3) Wang Jiwu

　　The first chairman of the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association, a famous expert in internal medicine and infectious diseases and medical educator, the founder of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Zhejiang University, edited the first infectious diseases masterpiece — — Epidemiology has played an important role in the training of talents and teachers in the field of epidemiology, as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis, viral hepatitis and leptospirosis.

　　(4) Cao Zhongliang

　　As a famous medical educator and infectious disease scientist in China, from controlling cholera epidemic before the founding of New China to eliminating schistosomiasis after the founding of New China, as a leading figure in southwest China, he personally organized diagnosis and treatment on the spot. When there was a leptospirosis epidemic in Sichuan in 1958, he went to the scene to rescue critically ill patients, and then insisted on field research for 30 years. In the field of leptospirosis pulmonary hemorrhage, Huaxi Medical College has established a leading position at home and abroad. Viral hepatitis, especially severe jaundice ascites hepatitis, was also studied in depth.

　　(5) Mao Shoubai

　　Medical parasite expert, one of the pioneers of schistosomiasis research in China. In the fields of schistosomiasis epidemiology, immunodiagnosis, experimental treatment, snail control methods and schistosomiasis biology, it has achieved practical scientific research achievements recognized by peers at home and abroad. In 1984, he won the "Leon Birna" prize in the 37th World Health Assembly, which was the first time that a Chinese scholar won this honor.

　　(6) Dai Ziying

　　The first vice chairman of the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology of Chinese Medical Association. Firstly, the scheme of treating typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever with low dose of chloramphenicol was put forward. Leading the diagnosis, treatment and research of viral hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever, and the pathogenesis and treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Combining clinical medicine, clinical microbiology and clinical pharmacology, he is the founder of clinical antibiotics in China. Editor-in-chief of Clinical Antibiotics and other works. 1971— In 1972, he led the investigation of clinical application of sulfa drugs, penicillin and streptomycin in China. 1978— In 1981, tetracycline antibiotics were re-evaluated, and suggestions to restrict the use of these drugs were put forward and adopted by the health administrative department. He has made outstanding achievements in advocating the rational use of antibiotics in China.

　　(7) Tian Gengshan

　　Chairman of the Second and Third Committees of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. During his tenure as deputy director of the former viral hepatitis expert advisory Committee of the Ministry of Health, he organized domestic experts to make suggestions to the state to carry out hepatitis B vaccination for newborns, which was formally included in the planned immunization management by the Ministry of Health, and played an important role in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B. Organized multi-center clinical trials for many times, creating a precedent for multi-center clinical research in infectious diseases in China. He presided over the formulation of China’s "Virus Hepatitis Prevention and Control Program" twice.

　　(8) Wang Juntao

　　Chairman of the Fourth Session of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. He used to be the vice president of Beijing Second Infectious Disease Hospital (Beijing You ‘an Hospital). Focusing on viral hepatitis, he served as the head of the national key project "Pathogenesis of Chronic Active Hepatitis B and Evaluation of Therapeutic Drugs" during the Sixth Five-Year Plan.

　　(9) Wang Aixia

　　Chairman of the Fifth Session of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. The first case of AIDS patients and the first case of sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in China were found and reported, and anti-HIV drugs were first used to treat HIV infection in China. In 1995, the national standards for AIDS diagnosis and treatment were formulated. He was the first in China to study the trend of nosocomial infection bacteria, took the lead in completing the prospective epidemiological investigation of hepatitis C after blood transfusion, and took the lead in proposing to be alert to cross-infection of hepatitis C caused by blood transfusion. First of all, it advocates that the branch of infectious diseases and parasitology should return to the essence of infectious diseases, and the infectious diseases department should be renamed as infectious diseases department.

　　(10) Si Chongwen

　　Chairman of the Sixth Committee of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, formally applied to rename the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association as Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association during his term of office. During his term of office, he organized experts to revise the Prevention and Treatment Plan of Viral Hepatitis in 2000, which effectively guided clinical practice. The Committee for Young and Middle-aged People was established, and the first national conference for young and middle-aged people with infectious diseases was held. The AIDS group and the artificial liver group were established. Editor-in-chief of the first monograph of Infectious Diseases.

　　(xi) Weng Xinhua

　　The 7th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, during his tenure, Infectious Diseases and Parasitology Branch of Chinese Medical Association was officially renamed as Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association. In-depth clinical practice and research have been carried out on the etiological diagnosis of long-term unexplained fever, bacterial infectious diseases and viral hepatitis, and the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in China has been actively promoted. During his tenure as chairman, he presided over the compilation of China’s Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C..

　　(XII) Li Lanjuan

　　The 8th and 9th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Academician of China Academy of Engineering. Director of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, Director of Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment. Editor-in-chief has published 35 monographs such as Artificial Liver, Infectious Microecology and Infectious Diseases, which are the first textbooks in China. He won one special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award, one national science and technology progress award (innovation team), two first prizes and two second prizes, and was awarded the titles of "National Excellent Scientific and Technological Worker" and "National Outstanding Professional and Technical Talent", the Science and Technology Progress Award of Heliang Heli Fund, Guanghua Engineering Science and Technology Award and Tan Jiazhen Science Award for Clinical Medicine.

　　(13) Hou Jinlin

　　The 10th Chairman of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association. During his term of office, he actively promoted the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis and promoted international exchanges and cooperation. As the chairman of the Asia-Pacific Liver Disease Research Association, he hosted the largest annual meeting of Asia-Pacific liver diseases, which improved the academic discourse power of viral hepatitis and liver diseases research in China in the international arena. Presided over the "small shell" project to strengthen the standardized management of mother-to-child blocking of hepatitis B.

　　Third, towards the future:

　　The road of "big infection" in infectious diseases

　　(1) Learn to change its name,

　　"Infectious Diseases" has officially entered history.

　　In 2002, in order to conform to the development trend of the discipline, under the initiative of many predecessors in the field of infectious diseases, the Chinese Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology was officially renamed as the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and the website of the Infectious Diseases Branch of the Chinese Medical Association was established, which was the earliest website among the branches of the Chinese Medical Association.

　　At that time, the predecessors of infectious diseases had realized that the infectious diseases discipline in China should change from classical infectious disease prevention and control to viral hepatitis and liver disease diagnosis and treatment, and return to the major infectious diseases discipline. The predecessors saw the development direction of infectious diseases in China in time, and put forward that we should strengthen the capacity building of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. The renaming of the Society points out the direction for the development of infectious diseases.

　　It can be said that the development of infectious diseases in China has entered the third stage, returning to the essence of infectious diseases, that is, the construction of "big infection" discipline with the improvement of the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections.

　　(B) the construction of the "big infection" discipline,

　　Improving the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections is "king"

　　In fact, as early as 1970s and 1980s, Professor Dai Ziying and Professor Xu Zhaoyue of Shanghai Huashan Hospital realized the importance of improving the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. They have published many books on the rational use of antibacterial drugs and done a lot of forward-looking work, which laid a solid foundation for the establishment of the Institute of Antibiotics in Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University. Up to now, the Institute of Antibiotics of Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and the Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Peking University have played an important role in the research and development of antibacterial drugs, clinical trials and related personnel training in China.

　　At present, the global situation of bacterial drug resistance is grim, and all countries in the world attach great importance to the problem of bacterial drug resistance. An expert group in Britain predicts that if the current situation of bacterial drug resistance is not solved, by 2050, the death of patients caused by drug-resistant bacteria infection will return to the first place in the world.

　　China attaches great importance to the prevention and control of bacterial and fungal drug resistance. In 2012, the former Ministry of Health issued the first "Management Measures for Clinical Use of Antibacterials", which clearly stipulated that infectious diseases departments should participate in the management of rational use of antibacterial drugs. However, the status quo that cannot be ignored is that most infectious diseases doctors in China are still mainly engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis and liver disease, and the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections needs to be improved urgently.

　　In 2016, the National Health and Wellness Commission issued the "Notice on Improving the Diagnosis and Treatment Capability of Bacterial Fungi in General Hospitals above Grade II", emphasizing that general hospitals above Grade II should set up infection departments and establish a diagnosis and treatment system of bacterial fungal infections with infectious diseases as the main body, which provides a clear orientation for the future development of infectious diseases.

　　At the beginning of the 11th Committee of Infectious Diseases Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Chairman Wang Guiqiang clearly put forward the construction plan of infectious diseases discipline, and strengthened the promotion of the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. On the one hand, it is closely related to the national policy orientation; on the other hand, it shows that the infectious diseases academic circles in China have realized that the infectious diseases academic circles should actively participate in the application and management of antibacterial drugs, especially strengthen their own improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, so as to cope with the increasingly severe drug resistance situation of bacterial and fungal infections.

　　(3) Do a good job in the discipline construction of "big infection",

　　Infection department, clinical microbiology and hospital infection control are indispensable.

　　Bacterial and fungal infections are distributed in various clinical departments. In addition to clinical diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, the infectious diseases department also provides strong support for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in the whole hospital. If the ability of infection doctors is weak, the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections in the whole hospital will be weak. At present, the state emphasizes the rational use of antibacterial drugs and the control of medical expenses, which will greatly increase the medical expenses, prolong the hospitalization time and increase the mortality rate after the occurrence of concurrent infection, especially drug-resistant bacteria infection. Effective control of infection and effective diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases can significantly improve the operating efficiency of hospitals. Therefore, from the perspective of hospital management, it is very important to do a good job in the construction of infectious diseases.

　　To do a good job in the construction of "big infection" discipline, on the one hand, the infectious disease discipline should strengthen its own ability improvement and talent echelon construction, on the other hand, it is also very important to do a good job in pathogen diagnosis and nosocomial infection management. Therefore, infectious diseases, clinical microbiology and nosocomial infection management should be organically combined to integrate subject resources, strengthen subject cooperation, and form a joint force to jointly do a good job in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

　　In addition, hospital management departments and national health administrative departments should also attach importance to the construction of infectious diseases disciplines and provide corresponding support for the construction of infectious diseases disciplines.

　　Fourth, the outlook

　　At present, although the outbreak of infectious diseases is abnormal, we should always be vigilant and effectively control new and sudden infectious diseases in time. Therefore, on the one hand, the Department of Infectious Diseases undertakes the classical infectious diseases such as public health, prevention and control of classical infectious diseases, and on the other hand, although the incidence of viral hepatitis has been effectively controlled, the existing infected population base is still large, and infectious doctors still undertake a large number of viral hepatitis and liver disease prevention and control work. In addition, infection doctors need to improve the ability of diagnosis and treatment of bacterial fungi and fever of unknown origin, and play a role in the rational use of antibacterial drugs. At the same time, it is hoped that infection doctors will actively participate in the prevention and control of nosocomial infection and the interpretation of clinical microbial results, so as to improve the diagnosis and treatment ability of pathogenic microbial infections in China.

　　Finally, Professor Wang Guiqiang pointed out that the future development direction of infectious diseases discipline has been made clear, and our generation is a connecting link. We hope that through our efforts, the infectious diseases discipline will be built more comprehensively and with stronger capabilities, so as to meet the requirements of the national health strategy and escort the healthy China strategy.

　　Five, subject files:

　　Memorabilia of China Infectious Diseases Department

　　In 1950, the Ministry of Health promulgated the "Interim Measures for Vaccinium Vaccination" to promote free vaccination throughout the country. Beijing promulgated the Interim Measures for the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases.

　　In 1955, the first Measures for the Management of Infectious Diseases was promulgated and implemented by the Ministry of Health. Infectious diseases departments have been set up in university affiliated hospitals all over the country.

　　In 1961, China announced the complete eradication of smallpox virus, 19 years earlier than the World Health Organization announced that smallpox had been eradicated all over the world.

　　In 1978, the Ministry of Health issued the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Management of Acute Infectious Diseases, which stipulated that there were 25 kinds of infectious diseases in two categories.

　　In 1979, after the founding of People’s Republic of China (PRC), the first masterpiece of epidemiology was published.

　　In 1980, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association was formally established. The Ministry of Health issued the Measures for the Implementation of Vaccination.

　　In 1982, the Ministry of Health issued the National Regulations on Planned Immunization, which clarified the vaccines used and unified the immunization procedures for children.

　　In 1985, the first case of AIDS in China was found among tourists coming to China.

　　In 1989, China’s first Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in People’s Republic of China (PRC) was passed and came into force on September 1st.

　　Since January 1, 1992, hepatitis B vaccine immunization has been popularized all over the country, and it has been gradually incorporated into children’s planned immunization.

　　In 2000, the WHO Western Pacific Regional Polio Eradication Confirmation Committee declared China polio-free.

　　In 2002, the Branch of Infectious Diseases and Parasitology of Chinese Medical Association was officially renamed as the Branch of Infectious Diseases of Chinese Medical Association, and a website was established, which was the earliest website among all branches, and the infectious diseases departments of general hospitals were renamed as infectious diseases departments one after another. The Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine was renamed China Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

　　In 2003, a large-scale SARS epidemic broke out in China.

　　In 2004, China launched the largest infectious disease surveillance network in the world. The revised Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases came into force on December 1st.

　　In 2005, the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B and the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Hepatitis C were released, which were updated in 2010 and 2015 respectively, and the fourth edition is currently being revised.

　　In 2008, the Ministry of Health issued the Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (2008 Edition), which included hand, foot and mouth disease in the management of Class C infectious diseases.

　　In 2009, the Ministry of Health issued a public announcement, explicitly including influenza A (H1N1) as a Class B infectious disease under the management of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, and taking measures to prevent and control Class A infectious diseases.

　　In 2012, the Administrative Measures for Clinical Application of Antibacterials was officially promulgated and implemented on August 1st. The vast majority of counties (cities) in China have basically eliminated leprosy (taking counties and cities as units, the prevalence rate is ≤ 0.01‰ , the average annual incidence or detection rate in recent 5 years ≤ 0.5/100,000) standard.

　　In 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission issued the "Notice on Adjusting the Management of Some Legal Infectious Diseases" to include human infection with H7N9 avian influenza as a legal Class B infectious disease; Adjust influenza A (H1N1) from Class B to Class C and bring it into the existing influenza for management; Lift the prevention and control measures for Class A infectious diseases stipulated in the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases for people infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza.

　　In 2016, the only EV71 vaccine that can be used to prevent hand, foot and mouth disease was born in China.

　　In 2018, led by Academician Li Lanjuan, director of the State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment of Zhejiang University and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis and Treatment, and jointly completed by 11 units including China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the project of "Major Innovation and Technological Breakthrough in the Prevention and Control System of Emerging Infectious Diseases Represented by the Prevention and Control of Human Infections with H7N9 Avian Influenza" won the special prize of the 2017 National Science and Technology Progress Award.

　　What was the most appetizing movie in China in 2002? The answer is definitely Zhang Yimou’s martial arts giant "Hero", which is believed to be known by everyone on earth. Because since last year’s "Hero" started shooting, the media all over the country have never stopped. Every time Zhang Yimou walks with his crew, there are reporters chasing him. Although all kinds of tricks have been exhausted, I still can’t get any information from the hero. The reporters’ interviews have become meaningless idolize, and even I can only report to the readers that I saw Maggie Cheung or Zhang Ziyi coming out of which elevator. Can’t help it, who let it be Zhang Yimou’s work? Such a big gold-lettered signboard is hanging there, can it be done without chasing it? Except for the symbolic premiere of Hero in Shenzhen for catching the last bus of the Oscar, those who had their ID cards checked were lucky enough to watch the complete film, and everyone, including the manager of the cinema company and the media, only saw the promo for 2 minutes and 30 seconds at most.

　　Hero, like a thief-proof version, is well-intentioned, but its arrogance is here. When it comes to Hero, I’m sure I know the plot vaguely, but the names of the protagonists, such as Nameless, Flying Snow and Broken Sword, have long been known by heart. What kind of emotional entanglements did Zhang Ziyi have with Tony Leung Chiu Wai and Maggie Cheung in the play? Is Jet Li’s namelessness a true chivalrous man like Zhang Yimou’s? When "Hero" premiered in three cities by charter flight, when the VCD copyright of "Hero" sold for a sky-high price of 17.8 million, and so on, which proved that "Hero" was not overwhelming with news, what we wanted most was to sit in the cinema one day earlier and watch "Hero" in a down-to-earth way. I also wish Zhang Yimou good luck at the Oscars.

Editor: Li Erqing